Trace Material Analyzes of the Ice Cores from the Canadian Arctic-Difference in Acid Rain between Historical Volcanic Eruption and Anthropogenic Origin

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The objective of this investigation was successfully achieved during the last three years, mainly due to stable weather in the Arctic, which facilitated the accident free sampling expedition. This research through the Canadian collaborators helped to create an international research organization, ICAPP (International Circum-Arctic Paleoclimate Program). The ICAPP will be recognized as one of PAGES (Past Global Climate Changes) activities under IGBP (International Geosphere and Biosphere Program). The ICAPP now consisted of eight countries (USA,Russia, Denmark, Norway, UK,Geamany and Japan)During the last 3 years, two full ice cores up to the bed rock (124 m each) which represented 150,000years, (and one ice core of 800 years and 11 ice cores of 70 years) were collected from the Agassiz ice cap in the Canadian Arctic. The ECM (electrical conductivity measurements) data were collected from these ice cores. A portable computer was interfaced with the ECM device. The ECM records revealed t … More he history of acid rain during the past 150,000 years. More than 50 distinguishable emission. The difference in acid rain between the historical eruptions and anthropogenic emission was the severity of acidity. The eruptions had short and intense acidity while the anthropogenic emission had long and moderate acidity.The concentration of radioactive materials from the nuclear weapons testing was quantified for the last 70 years. The radioactive materials included ^<137>Cs and ^<239+240>Pu, besides natural materials such as ^<40>K and ^<210>Pb. The highest concentration was obtained from an ice layr of 1962-1963, just after the international treaty, of the nuclear atmospheric testing ban. The concentration of ^<137>Cs was 2.460 mBq/cm^2 and 4.5 mBq/cm^2 for ^<239+240>Pu. The most interesting information was that the radioactive materials of 1945 explosions (New Mexico, Hiroshima and Nagasaki) was obtained from the ice layrs of 1945-46. The layrs contained 0.04mBq/cm^2 for ^<137>Cs while 0.0007 mBq/cm^2 for ^<239+240>Pu. Some of the data were already published in the Journal of Applied Rediation and Isotopes. Less