DEVELOPMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH RISK CHILDREN AND ITS PSYCHOLOGICAL

那些由于某种原因在早期阶段心理和神经发育迟缓或有很高的残疾发生可能性的婴儿被称为高危儿童。风险指数已经从不同的发展阶段，如运动，心理和神经发育。首先，出生体重是当今最重要的指标。早产儿分为出生体重1500克以下的极低出生体重儿和出生体重1000克以下的低出生体重儿，通过对高危儿发育特点的临床观察，得出以下结论：（1）高危儿的发育特点复杂，以出生体重1000克以下的儿童尤为突出;在Tanaka-Binet和WISC-R智商测验中，6 - 8岁年龄组的智商离散度趋于下降， ...更多信息 研究人员发现，智商的差异可能反映了风险的程度。此外，还发现构成智商的因素之间存在不平衡（例如：操作智商和言语智商之间的关系）。（2）高危儿童在3至5岁时可追上正常儿童的观点，已获得部分支持。然而，使用WISC-R和其他测试进行的仔细检查证实了这样一个事实，即如上文（1）中所述，这种“晚开花”可能不容易观察到。（3）除了神经系统的因素外，其他因素也是这些问题的根源，包括与婴儿在早期发展阶段的养育环境有关的因素。这里特别值得注意的是住院对出生体重低于1000 g的婴儿的影响，这些婴儿必须在ICU隔离平均5至6个月。在这段时间里与母亲分离以及失去相关的爱抚被认为是阻碍健康发育的因素。（4）出生体重<1000 g的高危儿表现为躁动、注意力缺陷、精神不稳定、学校不适应等行为问题。通过临床和心理治疗，改善了高危儿童的智力低下，包括因脑损伤或染色体异常而导致的智力低下。(5)A医院、福利机构、儿童家长、托儿所和教育机构的综合办法，对于有效应对高危儿童带来的临床挑战十分重要。少

Those infants whose psychologycal and neurological development is retarded in early stages for some reason or who have a high potential for the occurrence of disabilities are termed high risk childen. Indexes of risk have been developed from various phases of development such as those for motion, psychological, and neurological development. Above all, birthweight is the most important index today. Children born prematurely are categorized as very low birthwaight infants with birthweight below 1500 grams and low birthweight infants with birthweight below 1000 grams.From clinical observation of developmental characteristics of high risk infants, the following points have been deduced :(1)The caource of development of high risk children showed complex characteristics and this was particularly conspicuous with children born with a weight of less than 1000g. In Tanaka-Binet and WISC-R IQ tests, the dispersion of IQs of the age group of 6 to 8 years tendedto slide to lower numbers and it was … More learned that differences in IQ may reflect the extent of risk. Also, imbalances are found to exist among the factors that constitute the IQ (e.g. : the relation between performance IQ and verbal IQ).(2)The view that high risk children may catch up with normal children at the age of 3 to 5 years has found partial support. However, close examination using the WISC-R and other tests attested to the fact that such "late blooming" may not be readily observable as mentioned in (1) above.(3)Factors other than neurological ones which are at the very root of such problems include those associated with the infant's nurturing environment in early stages of development. Of particular note here is the effect of hospitalization on infants under 1000g birthweight which must remain in the isolation of the ICU for an average of 5 to 6 months. Separation from mother for that period and loss of the associated fondling are considered factors that hinder healthy development.(4)Those high risk children whose birth weight was less than 1000g demonstrated restlessness, attention deficiency, mental instability, incompatibility in school and other behavioral problems. Improvement of retardation of high risk children including cases of retaradation attributable to brain damage or chlomosomal abnormality has been achieved by means of clinical and psychological treatment.(5)A total approach combining hospitals, welfare facilities, the children's parents, nurseries and educational facilities is important in order to effectively deal with the clinical challenges presented by high risk children. Less