Social Change in Modernization among the Pastoral Peoples

图尔卡纳人生活中社会变化的两个方面显示如下。一是图尔卡纳人的生活发生了明显的变化，包括居住方式、游牧民族的流动方式、经济活动的多样化和市场经济的扩大。另一个是看不见但更重要的认知态度的变化，甚至包括他们的世界观。1981年以来的持续干旱和联合国在卡库马附近设立难民营是这两次变化的背景。图尔卡纳人生活的变化：卡库马附近的定居，外域现代商品的取向，货币经济的渗透。干旱迫使图尔卡纳人住在外国非政府组织粮食供应中断的城镇附近。结果，图尔卡纳人来到城市附近定居，参与了外来商人在卡库马镇和营地市场展开的各种贸易活动。联合国难民营和难民形成了一个新的市场，激活了当地的经济。许多外来商人涌入这个地区。图尔卡纳人需要钱来维持他们的生活，他们聚集在卡库马周围出售他们的牲畜，除了图尔卡纳人之间的交换，他们从来没有做过。联合国营地推动了这一趋势。教育态度和价值体系的转变。肯尼亚的教育有宿舍制度。教育的普及意味着让孩子们脱离传统的宅基地生活。如今，这样的年轻人毕业后没有工作的人数迅速增加。外部世界的认知通过与联合国难民和难民营管理部门的冲突和互动，他们认识到严格意义上存在着他们无法管理的其他价值。对疾病态度的改变。许多民间治疗师从其他地区赶来接客。对疾病的新认识，即必须找到根本原因并加以消除才能治愈疾病，正日益流行。

Two aspects of social changes in Turkana life were shown as follows. One is the visible change of Turkana life that includes the residential pattern, namadic movement pattern, diversification of economic activities and expansion of market economy.The other is the invisible but more important changes of cognitive attitudes that cover even their world view. Two events, the continuous drought since 1981 and the setting of UN refugee camp near Kakuma, should be referred as the background of both changes.1.Changes of Turkana life : The settlement near Kakuma, the orientation toward the modern commodities of outer areas, the pervasion of monetary economy.The drought forced Turkana people to be near town where the food supply of foreign NGO done. As a result Turkana people came to settle near urban area, getting involved in the variety of trading activities that the outer merchants unfold in Kakuma town and camp market.UN camp and refugees formed a new market to activate the local economy. Many outer merchants flowed into this area. Turkana people need the money to keep their life and gathered around Kakuma to sell their livestock that they have never done except exchange among Turkanas. UN camp promoted this trend.2.Change in the attitude toward education and the value systemChanges in the attitude toward education.The education in Kenya has the dormitory system. The pervasion of education means to make children tear off from the traditional life in the homestead. Now a day the number of such young people that stay without job after school has rapidly increased.Cognition of outer worldThrough Conflict and interaction with UN refugees and camp administrative, they came to know that there strictly existed other value that they could not manage any way.Changes in the attitude toward illness.Many folk healers came from the other areas to catch the clients. New understanding of illness, which the substantial cause must be found and removed for healing, is getting popular.