REGENERATION OF AGRO-FOREST-ECOSYSTEMS IN SUBSAHARAN AFRICA

导语：通过培育亚洲低地水稻Sawah来解决西非的粮食和环境危机似乎非常有希望，Sawah是以热带非洲本土农业系统为基础的水稻种植。在这份报告中，Nupe的本土水稻耕作系统的特点是通过跨越热带亚洲和非洲的文化来寻找长期可持续耕作系统的方法。材料和方法：选择一个典型的Nupe村庄Gadza进行密集调查。该村位于西非中部尼日利亚州尼恩克帕塔河分水岭的中部。主要民族是以Nupe稻米为主的农民和富拉尼放牛游牧民。民族流行病学调查是在1994年8月至12月和1995年6月至11月期间进行的。从当地农民那里收集了Nupe语言的土壤、地形序列、分类和土地利用方面的信息，并详细描述了Nupe的低地耕作系统。结果和讨论：Nupe的旱地农场在…More g的特点是灌木休耕与谷物(如高粱、小米和玉米)以及蔬菜(如花生、秋葵、洋葱、菠菜、红薯和豌豆)的间作系统。在低地，在雨季，农民在旱季种植水稻和蔬菜，形成许多类型的山脊和土丘。低地有7种整地方式。它们是：Togoko kuru、Togogi kuru、Togoko Naafena、Togogi Naafena、Ewoko、Baragi和Gbaragi(图1)。形态的分异似乎与微地形序列和水情有关。在种植旱季作物之前，Nupe农民会先打土丘、起垄沟或两者兼而有之，然后在收获后将它们打碎并铺开土壤，为雨季的水稻种植做准备。每种形式都会根据水稻和杂草的生长情况、水分状况和作物品种进行季节性修改(图2)。在农业旺季，这也是一种节省劳动力的方法。开业日期根据不同的表格而有所不同。移动土壤似乎具有控制杂草、改善土壤营养和物理性质以及保持水土条件的效果。他们还认识到，土壤类型在地形序列上是不同的。他们对土壤的评价似乎与粘土含量密切相关。Nupe在低地水稻耕作系统方面拥有先进的技能。他们以水稻为基础的本地耕作系统是最先进和最适应西非几内亚草原地带沙质和低营养土壤以及降雨变化等生态环境的土壤管理系统。较少

Introduction : It seems very promising to solve food and environmental crisis in West Africa by breeding of Asian lowland paddy, Sawah, based rice farming with the indigenous farming systems of tropical Africa. In this report, Nupe's indigenous rice farming systems were characterized to find ways for long-term sustainable farming systems through crossing the cultures between tropical Asia and Africa.Materials and Methods : A typical Nupe village, Gadza was selected for intensive survey. The village is located the middle of the Nyenkpata river watershed, Niger State, Central Nigeria, West Africa. Major ethnic groups are Nupe rice-based farmers and Fulani cattle nomad. Ethnopedological surveys were done during August to December in 1994 and June to November in 1995. Information on soil, toposequense, classifications and land use in Nupe language were collected from local farmers, and Nupe's lowland farming systems were characterized in detail.Results and Discussion : Nupe's upland farmin … More g is characterized by bush fallow intercropping systems with cereals, such as sorghum, millet and maize, and vegetables, as groundnuts, okra, onion, spinach, sweetpotato and cowpea. In Lowland, during rainy season, farmers crop rice and produce vegetables during dry season, forming many types of ridges and mounds. Seven forms of land preparation were observed in the low land. These are ; Togoko kuru, Togogi kuru, Togoko naafena, Togogi naafena, Ewoko, Baragi and Gbaragi (Fig.1). The differentiation of the forms seem to relate to micro-toposequence and water regime. Before planting dry season crops, Nupe farmers make mounds, ridges or both of them, and then after harvesting they break them down and spread the soils as preparation for rice cropping in rainy season.Each form is seasonally modified with each pattern depending on rice and weed growth, water condition and crop varieties (Fig.2).It is also a labor saving method during the peak farming seasons. The dates of operation are changed according to each form. Moving the soil seems to have effects on controlling weeds, improving the soil nutritional and physical characters and conserving the soil and water conditions.Nupe have detail classifications on soil and land relief. They also recognize that soil tyoes are different along the toposequence. Their evaluation of soils seem to closely relate to clay contents. Nupe have advanced skills in lowland rice farming systems. Their indigenous rice based farming systems are most advanced and adaptable soil management systems to the ecological environment such as sandy and low nutrition soil, and variable rainfall in Guinea Savanna zone of West Africa. Less