A test of evolutionary theories on the sterile caste of social insects-comparative ecology of polygyny-

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Three ant, two wasp and one termite species were studied in Panama. Costa Rica of Brazil. Main results were : 1)A ponerine ant Gnamptogenys horni was often polygynous with wingless queens still showing no reduction of alate alitrunk. 2)Out of two primitive attine ants Myrmicocrypta ednaclla and Cyphomyrmex rimosus. the latter showed a unique behavior that they used the crop liquid for the substrates of fungus garden. 3)In two wasps Parachartergus smithii and P.fraternus. swarming females constructed the envelope at the most initial stage of foundation. unlike the swarm-founding polistines hitherto reported.The termite Masutitermes corniger often showed polygyny which were considered to derive from aduitoids.