Trade of Forest Products and Policy of Environment

即使在林业部门，资本活动的国际化今天也很普遍。林产品贸易逐年增长，环太平洋、北美和欧洲三大区域之间的互动迅速扩大，涉及巴西、辣椒、马来西亚和印度尼西亚等其他国家。在许多出口国家，木材生产正从原始森林转向次生林，环保意识也越来越普遍。在这个项目中，我们有两个目标。一是分析20世纪80年代美国林业产业重组的过程，阐明其对日本林业和林业产业的直接和间接影响;另一个是研究大型林业公司如何在世界，特别是热带地区动荡的环境运动中管理森林。新西兰是成功地协调环境保护主义和生产导向政策的典范之一。 关于我们 主要结果如下：1.木材巨头在美国林业领域的影响力越来越大，目前的情况似乎是寡头垄断竞争。世界三大木材巨头，国际纸业，格鲁吉亚太平洋和惠好，是原来的美国公司。他们每年的总销售额超过一百亿美元，并且每年增长10%到20%。他们主要通过并购实现了如此大的扩张速度，并通过纵向和横向一体化形成了强大的经济体。这一运动在欧洲和日本引起了同样的林业一体化。环保运动在今天具有一定的巨大力量。特别是在美国，国家森林体系经历了经营政策的重大转变。他们将森林管理的首要目标设定为保持健康的生态系统，而不是木材生产。这在林业中当然是相当新的，并且在世界其他地区考虑公共森林问题时，追踪围绕这种以生态为导向的森林政策的争议是很有趣的。少

Even in the forestry sector as well, internationalization of capital activities are common today. Trade of forest products has been increasing year by year, and interaction between three major regions, Pacific Rim, North America, and Europe is expanding rapidly with involving other countries such as Brazil, Chili, Malaysia, and Indonesia. In many exporting countries, timber production is shifing from old growth forest to second growth forests, and environmental awareness is becoming more and more popular.In this project, we have two objectives. One is to analyze the process of reorganization of forest industry in US during 1980s, and to clarify its direct and indirect impacts to Japanese forestry and forest industry. The other is to study how big forest companies manage their forest in the upheaving environmental movement in the world, especially tropics. New Zealand is one of the good examples of successful management of harmonizing environmentalism and production oriented policy.We a … More chieved two main results as follows :1. Wood Giants are getting stronger power in forest sector in US.The situation today seems like oligopolistic competition. World top three Wood Giants, International Paper, Georgia Pacific, and Weyerhaeuser, are original US company. They have gross sales of more than ten billion dollars each year, and it is increasing 10 to 20% annually. They accomplished such big rate of expansion mainly by M & A,and made strong economic body with vertical and horizontal integration. This movement caused the same kind of integration of forest industries in both Europe and Japan.2. Environmental movement has certain big power today. Especially in US,National Forest System experienced a big change of management policy. They set their first objective of managing forest in keeping healthy ecosystem, rather than timber production. It is of course pretty new in forestry, and is interesting to trace the controversy around such an ecology oriented forest policy for considering public forest issues in other parts of the world. Less