Privatization of Socialist Enterprises in Eastern Europe

本项目的目的是以波兰和中国为主要对象，调查国有企业私有化的现状和问题。本文的主要研究结果如下：（1）从1990年以来波兰私有化公司的业绩统计来看，很难说明波兰的私有化是成功的;（2）也很难观察到原中央计划体制造成的扭曲结构的解体趋势;（3）波兰私有化失败的原因是缺乏新成立的私营公司。究其原因，主要是波兰缺乏资金和技术。此外，政治斗争导致私有化实施较晚。4.关于创造市场导向行为者的方式，国有公司私有化不是唯一的方式。另一种方法是让投资者成立一家新公司。中国采取这种方式，引进外资直接投资。这是中国经济高速增长的动力之一。5.然而，中国国有企业的改革却迟迟没有进行。他们不愿意关闭亏损企业，因为他们没有摆脱社会主义思想，害怕失业问题。（英译汉）为了使中国的国有企业合理化，一方面要发展非计划经济部门，扩大就业机会，另一方面要建立社会保险制度。东欧可以借鉴中国通过建立新的私营公司来创造一个以市场为导向的参与者的经验，中国可以从东欧国有公司私有化的经验中得到建议，尤其是从清理效率低下的公司的经验来看。

The purpose of this project is to investigate current situation and problems of privatization of state-owned enterprises focusing our attention upon mainly Poland and China. The principal research finding are as follows.1.As far as the statistics on privatized companies' perfomance in Poland since 1990 are concerned, it is difficult to suggest the Polish privatization has been successful.2.It is also difficult to observe the dismantling tendency of a distorted structure coming from the former centrally planned system.3.This failure could be explained by lack of newly established private companies. The main reason is shortage of capital and technology in Poland. In addition to it, political battles led to late implementation of privatization.4.As regards way of a creating market-oriented actor, privatizing a state-owned company is not only one. Another way is to let investators to set up a new company. China adopts this way, introducing direct investments of foreign capitals. This is a driving force of Chinese high economic growth.5.However, the reform of state-owned enterprise in China is undoubtly delayd. They connot close a deficit-making enterprises because they are not free of socialist ideology and afraid of unemployment problem.6.In order to rationalize state-owned enterprises in China, it is necessary to develop more non-planned sector and to expand employment opportunities one hand, to establish social insurance system on the other hand.7.Genellaly speaking, East Europe could learn a lesson from the experience of Chinese way of creating a market-oriented actor through setting up a new private company, and China could get a suggestion from the experience of privatizing state-owned companies in East Europe, especially from the experience of liquidating inefficient companies.