Historical Background of Contemporary European Mystical Philosophies

当代欧洲的神秘哲学主要指的是海德格尔和列维纳斯。要理解这些哲学家思想的精髓，就必须追溯他们的思想渊源。在海德格尔的例子中，起源是古希腊思想和基督教神秘主义，而在利未书的例子中，这是希伯来宗教思想。在这个视角下，我的研究首先集中在作为欧洲神秘主义之父的苏格拉底，并考察了苏格拉底的道蒙尼和海德格尔的尼采之间的关系。我把海德格尔的“最后的上帝”追溯到希伯来超验的上帝，他永远不会被人类看到。在那之后，我转向列维纳斯，考察了他关于死亡和时间的概念，并与海德格尔的概念进行了比较。通过这项调查，很明显，在列维纳斯，时间是降临在我们身上的力量或超验的上帝，在苦难、衰老和死亡中工作，而在海德格尔，它是Ausdruck der Deseinsstrukture(人类经验结构的表现)。我的最后一章《上帝的超越和人类的责任》讨论了利未人的哲学和他的犹太教之间的关系。利未书中的上帝不是客观存在，而是某种东西，它不是真正的事物，而只是通过人类的伦理行为来表现自己。这个上帝的概念与犹太教的完全一致，犹太教认为对上帝的信仰不是别的，而是遵守托拉(上帝的律法)。剩下的问题是，在海德格尔的情况下，调查他与梅斯特·埃克哈特的联系，而在利未人的情况下，澄清他对犹太法典的债务。但总的来说，我的研究首先是在最重要的哲学观点上追溯两位思想家的历史背景。

By contemporary european mystical philosophy I mean mainly Heidegger and Levinas. In order to understand the essence of these philosopher's thought, we must go back to the origin of their thought. In the case of Heidegger, the origin is ancient Greek thought as well as Christian mysticism, whereas in the case of Levians, that is the Hebraic religious thought. In this perspective, my research concentrated first at Socrates as the father of european mysticism, and investigated the relation between the Daimonion of Socrates and the Nichts of Heidegger. The I traced "the last God" of Heidegger to the Hebrew transcendental God who is never to be seen by humans. After that, I turned to Levinas and investigated his concept about death and time, comparing with those of Heidegger. By this investigation it became clear that in Levinas time was the power or transcendental God which fell upon us working through suffering, senitity and death, while in Hedegger it was Ausdruck der Deseinsstruktur (manifestation of exstential structure of humans). My last chapter God's Transcendence and Human Responsibility' treats the relation between Levians's Philosophy and his Judaism. Levians's God is not an objective being (ens relaissimum, etc.), but something which is not really a thing but manifests itself only through human ethical conducts. This concept of God is perfectly consistent with that of Judaism which says the faith in God to be not other than the observance of Thora (God's Law). The problems which are left, are in the case of Heidegger to investigate his connection with Meister Eckhart while in the case of Levians to clarify his indebtedness to Talmud. But generally speaking my research began firstly to trace the origin of both thinkers to their historical background in the most important philosophical points.