Studies on Water Vapor, Aerosol and Snow Crystals in Arctic

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The WANTS-ARCTIC : Sweden Experiments (1997/1998) were carried out from December 14,1997 to January 20,1998 at the Swedish Space Physics Institute, Kiruna, Sweden. An X-band vertical pointing Doppler radar, Laser ceilometer, Microwave radiometer, Pyranometer, Aerosol sampling and Mesonet station were set up at the institute. Snow crystals were also observed using a polarization microscpoe and a replica solution method on the ground surface. During the obsevation period, as a whole, it was a relatively warm in this winter season in Scandinavia area. It was warm and calm in December and cold and stormy in January. We had a couple of snow storms in the middle of January. We could, therefore observe various types of snow crystals. For instance, there were a weak and steady snowfall which was effected by mountains and a heavy snowfall with deep radar echoes when a low pressure system was approaching from the Norwegian Sea. Throughout the observation, the radar system collected the data more than 600 hours.It was clarified using the microwave radiometer that the water vapor contents integrated vertically were 0.4,0.7 and 1.0cm in the fair weather, during snowfalls and falling graupel particles, respectively. And, the liguid water contents recorded 0.01 and 0.04cm in the falling of rimed crystals and graupel particles, respectively. Their values changed largely depending on the types of disturbances.Microphotographs using a polarization microscope were taken more than 3000 frames and 500 slide glasses were used to collecting snow crystals. These data were analyzing energetically now.