Studies on the Water Vapor Transportation, Precipitation and Atmospheric Disturbances over the Norwegian Sea Regions Affecting the Climate in the Northern Hemisphere

众所周知，挪威海地区对于了解北方的能量和水汽转化非常重要，因为挪威海在仲冬季节不会结冰。因此，斜压带是在一个起源于中纬度地区的暖气团和一个起源于高纬度地区的冷气团之间形成的。在这种条件下，极地低压频繁地在该带周围产生。为了研究大气扰动的结构、活动和降水现象，北海道大学研究生院理学研究科在挪威熊岛气象台（74°30′N，19°01′E）安装了X波段垂直指向多普勒雷达。从2001年9月至2004年8月进行了为期三年的连续观察。该地区的雷达观测是首次，利用雷达资料估算降水强度的空间分布， ...更多信息 利用雷达资料，研究了雷达反射率（Z）与降水强度（R）、降水强度（R）与降水粒子下落速度（V_p）的关系。通过对挪威斯瓦尔巴特群岛的Ny-Alesund站（78°55′N，20°25′E）的雷达资料进行分析，得到了挪威海地区降水强度和含水量的实际情况。在芬兰索丹基拉的北极研究中心，对雪晶和气溶胶粒子进行了四个冬季的观测，研究了北极地区积雪深度的致密化现象和压缩粘滞系数，与温带地区。少

It is well known that the Norwegian Sea region is very important to understand the energy and water vapor transformation in the northern hemisphere because the Norwegian Sea does not freeze in the midwinter seasons. Therefore, the baroclinic zone is formed among a warm air-mass which is originated in the mid-latitude and a cold air-mass which is originated in a high latitude region. Under such conditions, the polar lows are generated around the zone frequently. To investigate the structures, activity and precipitation phenomena of the atmospheric disturbances, the X-band vertically pointing Doppler radar of the Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University was set up at the Bear Island (Bjornoya) Weather Observatory in Norway (74°30′N, 19°01′E). Continuous observations had been conducted through three years from September 2001 to August 2004. The radar observations in this region is the first time till the present.To estimate the spatial distribution of precipitation intensity from t … More he radar data obtained, the relationship between radar reflectivity (Z) and precipitation intensity (R), and precipitation intensity (R) and falling velocity of precipitation particles (V_p) were investigated. As a result, the actual circumstances of the precipitation intensity and water contents over the Norwegian Sea region were clarified.Furthermore, the radar data which was obtained at Ny-Alesund station (78°55′N, 20°25′E) in the Svalbard, Norway, of National Institute of Polar Research of Japan, was analyzed. As a result, the radar echoes showed distinct seasonal variations with respect to height, and clarified into four patterns.The observations of snow crystals and aerosol particles were conducted through four winter seasons at the Arctic Research Center, Sodankyla, Finland, and a number of interesting results were obtained.The densification phenomena and compressive viscosity of the depth of snow cover at the Arctic regions were investigated and compared with the temperate regions. Less