Climate Change Response of Siberian Permafrost Studies on Effects to Cryosphere-Biosphere

东西伯利亚永久冻土带对气候变化既有主动响应，也有被动响应。永久冻土中的大规模地面冰在当地被称为Edoma，其中含有高浓度的甲烷。在解冻过程中，甲烷倾向于释放到大气中，导致未来变暖。通过冰分析和碳定年研究了Edoma的成因。结果表明，在Karginsky interstaal期间，Edoma沉积量在40000 -23000 yBP之间。末次间冰期寒干与暖湿交替环境下的同生冰楔发育过程。Edoma融化产生的甲烷通量估计为10^9 g/年。冻土带环境是夏季厌氧条件下甲烷通量的理想来源。在低地科利默河对甲烷通量进行了现场测量。在此基础上，导出了日通量与度-cm因子之间的函数关系，即活动层厚度与平均地温的乘积。控制通量的其他因素是地下水的化学成分和湿地覆盖的植被类型。同时进行了生物环境分析，利用花粉分析重建古环境。并与北海道的植物种类进行了比较。在冻土带环境中发现了许多常见物种，表明植物群落高度发达。末次冰期东西伯利亚冰盖未被覆盖的原因可能是物种分布范围广。按生物学类群报道了果蝇新种。根据果蝇的地理分布对小动物的冷适应进行了分类。针叶林火灾被认为是二氧化碳排放导致全球变暖的原因之一。通过对雅库茨克附近针叶林样地的光合速率测量，估算了针叶林的总碳产量。少

Eastern Siberian Permafrost responses to the climate change actively as well as passively. The lareg scale ground ice in permafrost termed as Edoma locally contains highly concentrated Methane in it. In the process of thawin, Methane tends so emit to atmosphere resulting the future warming. The Genesis of Edoma was investigated based upon the ice analyzes and carbon dating. The results suggest that Edoma accumulated during the Karginsky Interstadial noted as between 40,000 yBP-23000 yBP.The process of accumulation is as syngenetic ice-wedge development under the environment of alternation of cold-dry and warm-humid periods during last Interstadial.Estimated flux of Methane from thawing Edoma is a magnitude of 10^9 g/year.Tundra environment is ideal source of Methane flux under anaerobic condition during summer time. On-the-spot measurements of Methane flux was made in lowland Kolymer River. Based upon the results, an empirical equation was yielded indicating the functional relation bet … More ween daily flux and degree-cm factors, which is termed as the production of the active layr thickness and the mean ground temperature. The other factors controlled the flux are the chemical composition of ground water and type of vegetation covered the wetland.Biological environment was also conducted as to reconstruct paleo-environment using Pollen analysis. The variety of species of plant was compared with those of Hokkaido. There are many common species were found indicating highly developed plan community over tundra environment. The wide distribution plan species may be resulted in the noncoverage of ice sheet in eastern Siberia during last Glacial Period.new species of Drosophilae were reported by biological group. The cold adaptation of small animals were categorized based upon the geographical distribution of Drosophilae.The forest fire of Taiga was evaluated as the one of the cause of warming due to the Carbon Dioxycide emission. Total carbon production of Taiga forest was estimated using the measurement of photosynsesis rate at the sites in Taiga near Yakutsk. Less