Climatic Influences to Cryosphere-Biosphere in Siberian Permafrost

气候对西伯利亚多年冻土冰冻圈生物圈的影响

• 批准号: 04041014
• 负责人: FUKUDA Masami
• 金额: $ 10.88万
• 依托单位: Hokkaido University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for international Scientific Research
• 财政年份: 1992
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1992 至 1994
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-04041014/
• 关键词: Permafrost; Climatic Change; Global Warming; Methane Gas; Edoma; Taiga; Tundra; Biodiversity; 氷期-間氷期; 最終氷期; 植物進化

In 1994 summer season, two groups (Permafrost and Biology) of the expedition were conducted the field works at eastern Siberia cooperating with Russian researchers from Permafrost Institute and Yakutsk Biological Institute. Peramfrost group aimed to survey the permafrost response to climatic change in both long and short terms. In relation to long term influence of climatic change, ground ice in permafrost, which is locally termed as Edoma, was analyzed as to reconstruct paleo-environmet in the past. Analogus to continental ice sheet, profound information of the paleo-climate were stored into Edoma. On-the-sopt survey of gas concentration of air bubbles in Edoma was done by means of specially desinged portable GC sysytem. Exceptionally high concentration of methane in Edoma was traced indicating the origin of Edoma as Syngenetic Ice-wedge. Organic materials from sediments were collected and were subjected to Radio-carbon dating measurements by AMS system at Nagoya University. Results o … More f dating suggested that Edoma was formed at the time of Karginsky interstadial dated ranges between 30,000yBP and 40,000yBP.In addition to the chemical analysis of Edoma, isotoic caharacters of Oxygen was examined. Temperature changes of the past wrere also traced from the results of isotope concentration profile of Oxygen.Under present trend of global warming, large scale thawing of Edoma occurrs in lowland area of eastern Siberia. The total loss of Edoma was estimaed based on Satellite images and previously measured data. Methane flux from thawing Edoma was caluculated as 10 Mega ton per year. The tundra wetlands developted in summer season is an ideal source of methane because of anaboric environment. The flux of methane from wetland were observed at various locations. The emphirical equation of methane flux was performed with temperatures in summer thaw layr (active layr) and depth of active layr. Adopting this equation to the field conditions, annual flux of methane from wetland was determined as 1 Tera g. Methane gas is one of the major green house effect gases in present atmospher. Based on the estimated fluexes from both thawing Edoma and present wetlands, permafrost is considred as major role of future warming of global climate. Permafrost response to climatic change is not only passive but active manners.Biological group conducted the surveys of vegetation types in tundra and taiga regions. The morphological variability of Pyrola Asarifolia and P.Grandiflora were surveyed. The variability of thiis species were rather larger than prevously reported indicating the influences of climatic change. The spacial distribition of Drosophila was examined at Taiga and Tundra. 11 new species of Drosophila were reported in this field study. All infoamtion was discussed with counterpart reseachers at Yakutsk at the end of march, 1995. Less

1994年夏季，考察队的两个组（永久冻土组和生物组）与俄罗斯永久冻土研究所和雅库茨克生物研究所的研究人员合作，在东西伯利亚进行了野外工作。 Peramfrost 小组旨在调查永久冻土对气候变化的长期和短期反应。针对气候变化的长期影响，对永久冻土中的地面冰（当地称为Edoma）进行了分析，以重建过去的古环境。与大陆冰盖类似，Edoma 中存储了古气候的深刻信息。 Edoma 中气泡气体浓度的现场测量是通过专门设计的便携式气相色谱系统进行的。在埃多玛中发现了异常高浓度的甲烷，这表明埃多玛的起源是同源冰楔。收集沉积物中的有机物质，并通过名古屋大学的 AMS 系统进行放射性碳测年。测年结果表明，Edoma 形成于卡尔金斯基间质年代距今 30,000yBP 至 40,000yBP 之间。除了对 Edoma 进行化学分析外，还检查了氧的等渗特性。过去的温度变化也可以从氧同位素浓度剖面的结果中追溯到。在目前全球变暖的趋势下，东西伯利亚低地地区发生了埃多玛的大规模融化。 Edoma 的总损失是根据卫星图像和之前测量的数据估算的。据计算，Edoma 解冻后的甲烷通量为每年 10 兆吨。夏季发育的苔原湿地由于厌氧环境，是理想的甲烷来源。在不同地点观察到来自湿地的甲烷通量。以夏季融层（活动层）温度和活动层深度为依据，建立了甲烷通量的经验方程。将该方程应用于现场条件，确定湿地甲烷年通量为 1 Tera g。甲烷气体是目前大气中主要的温室效应气体之一。根据对埃多玛融化和现有湿地通量的估计，永久冻土被认为是未来全球气候变暖的主要因素。多年冻土对气候变化的反应不是被动的而是主动的。生物组对苔原和针叶林地区的植被类型进行了调查。对细叶鹿蹄草和大花鹿蹄草的形态变异进行了调查。该物种的变异性比之前报道的要大得多，表明气候变化的影响。在针叶林和苔原检查了果蝇的空间分布。本次实地研究报告了 11 个果蝇新种。所有信息均于 1995 年 3 月底与雅库茨克的对应研究人员进行了讨论。更少

项目成果

T.Sato: "Scoling anelysis from tropic to tundra and concluding remark" Proc.Inter.Biological Congh. 421-423 (1993)

T.Sato：“从热带到苔原的评分分析和结论性评论”Proc.Inter.Biological Congh。

M.Fukuda, A.Arkhangelov and V.kunitsky: "Methane Flux from Thawing Siberian Permafrost" EOS SUPPLEMENT. No.1. 86-87 (1994)

M.Fukuda、A.Arkhangelov 和 V.kunitsky：“西伯利亚永久冻土融化产生的甲烷通量”EOS 补充。

D.nagaoka, K.Saijyo and M.Fukuda: "Sedimental environment of the Edoma in high Arctic eastern Siberia" Proceeding of the Third Symposium on the Joint Siberian Permafrost Studies between Japan and Russia in 1994. 6-12 (1995)

D.nagaoka，K.Saijyo，M.Fukuda：“北极东西伯利亚高纬度江多玛的沉积环境”1994年日本和俄罗斯西伯利亚永久冻土联合研究第三次研讨会论文集。6-12（1995）

福田正己・長岡大輔・西城潔・中村俊夫・V.クニツキ-: "東シベリア各地の永久凍土中の有機物年代測定" 名古屋大学加速器質量分析計業績報告書. VI. 178-187 (1995)

Masami Fukuda、Daisuke Nagaoka、Kiyoshi Saijo、Toshio Nakamura 和 V. Kunitski：“东西伯利亚各地永久冻土中的有机物测定”名古屋大学加速器质谱仪性能报告 VI 178-187。

M.Fukuda: "Methaue concentrction in Ice-wedge of Fox Turml" Holoceve. (予定). (1994)

M.Fukuda：“Fox Turml 冰楔中的 Methaue 浓度”Holoceve（计划）。