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Molecular Anthropology-Human Origin and Expansion

分子人类学-人类起源与扩张

基本信息

批准号：
07044187
负责人：
TAKAHATA Naoyuki
金额：
$ 2.18万
依托单位：
The Graduate University For Advanced Studies
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for international Scientific Research
财政年份：
1995
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1995 至 1996
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-07044187/
关键词：
Molecular Anthropology Human Evolution Primate Phylogeny African Origin Hypothesis Multiregional Hypothesis DNA Variation Dcvelopmental Biology Morphological Differences Evolution of Regulatory Genes 多地域進化進化集団遺伝学 MHC DNA 人種多様

项目摘要

This project was organized by two researchers from Japan (N.Takahata as PI,Y.Satta), three from the USA (M.Nei, M.Ruvolo, R.Deka), and one from Germany (J.Klein). During the term of the project, not only these members frequently exchanged ideas and generated a large body of DNA sequence data of MHC genes and mitochondrial DNA in primates, but also they used them or gathered available data together with solid theoretical and new statistical methods in order to elucidete evolution of primates in general and modern humans in particular.The divergence time of primates was estimated and the population dynamics was investigated. It became clear that some of main primate divergences took place much earlier than once thought. Also, all researches on the origin of modern humans consistently supported the African origin hypothesis over the multiregional hypothesis. However, the real evolutionary process of modern humans appears more dynamical than both hypotheses envisage. It is necessary to construct a more realistic hypothesis and relate it to knowledge in other fields of science.Klein and Takahata agreed that it is timely to publish a book based on our present results from theoretical considerations, experiments and data analyzes. This is almost done and we hope it will appear not long. One problem in our project remains unsolved, that is characterization ofthe human DNA in comparison with the closest relative DNA : While the differences between them is only 1% at the DNA level, the morphological differences look enormously large. Since it seems that a clue for this apparent paradox may reside in tiny changes in regulatory regions in the genome, we planned to integrate knowledge in developmental biology. Actually, much more was required and thus the achievement of this project is yet immature. We nonetheless believe that the project contributed to further development of molecular anthropology, not to a small extent.

该项目由两名来自日本的研究人员(N.Takahata as Pi，Y.Satta)，三名来自美国的研究人员(M.Nei，M.Ruvolo，R.Deka)和一名来自德国的研究人员(J.Klein)组织。在项目期间，这些成员不仅经常交流思想，产生大量灵长类动物MHC基因和线粒体DNA的DNA序列数据，而且利用这些数据或收集现有数据，结合扎实的理论和新的统计方法，以阐明灵长类动物特别是现代人的进化。很明显，灵长类动物的一些主要分歧发生得比人们原先认为的要早得多。此外，所有关于现代人起源的研究都一致支持非洲起源假说，而不是多地区假说。然而，现代人的真实进化过程似乎比这两种假说设想的更有活力。有必要构建一个更现实的假设，并将其与其他科学领域的知识联系起来。克莱因和高形一致认为，根据我们目前从理论考虑、实验和数据分析得出的结果，现在是出版一本书的时候了。这几乎已经完成了，我们希望它看起来不会很长。我们项目中的一个问题仍然没有解决，那就是人类DNA与最接近的近亲DNA的比较：虽然它们在DNA水平上的差异只有1%，但形态上的差异看起来非常大。由于似乎这一明显矛盾的线索可能存在于基因组调控区域的微小变化中，我们计划整合发育生物学中的知识。事实上，还需要更多的东西，因此这个项目的成果还不成熟。尽管如此，我们相信该项目在很大程度上促进了分子人类学的进一步发展。