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Material cycling and population interactions in food webs, and the evolutionary dynamics of biological communities

食物网中的物质循环和种群相互作用，以及生物群落的进化动态

基本信息

批准号：
07304078
负责人：
SOTA Teiji
金额：
$ 1.22万
依托单位：
Shinshu University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)
财政年份：
1995
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1995 至 1996
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-07304078/
关键词：
food web biological community material cycling aquatic organisms bacteria predation life history coevolution 物質循環物循循環

项目摘要

This project was to promote ecological studies that analyzes the structure and dynamics of biological communities and food webs in relation to material cycling, interactions among organisms, and evolution of traits associated with resource uses and interspecific interactions. We investigated aquatic communities in natural phytotelmata and in laboratory microcosms as model systems because they possess essential properties of ecological systems, especially environmental patchiness, and are manipulable small, semiclosed systems which are suitable to both field and laboratory studies. In natural phytotelmata including treeholes, bamboo stumps, and pitcher plants, we found several important community properties. (1) In individual phytotelmata, the amount of detritus and stability of aquatic site were correlated with phytotelm size, and the phytotelm size was correlated with biomass and species richness. Thus, local communities were space and/or resource limited. (2) Species interactions (pr … More edation and competition) in local communities occurred among restricted small sets of species ; aggregated distribution in each species and random association between species often resulted in reduced interspecific interactions which might promote species coexistence. (3) Despite the local limitation of community diversity, regional species richness could be maintained in patchy environments, because the patchiness reduces overall strength of interspecific interactions and environmental heterogeneity involved allows niche segregation among species. (4) Evolutionary divergence of life-history and physiological traits, especially in habitat selection and the allocation of energy to foraging, development and growth, and survival, could leads to coexistence of competing species. In microcosm experiments, the importance of microbial loop was emphasized. The use of bacteria by crustaceans as food resources was studied in terms of foraging behavior and nutritional value. A cladocera had a fine trapping mechanism for bacteria. Also, invadability of bacteria into novel environments was studied in relation to application of genetically-engineered useful bacteria for restoring polluted environments. Mathematical models of interacting organisms and food webs in patchy environments are now analyzed to predict evolutionary dynamics of community and food web structures. Less

该项目旨在促进生态学研究，分析生物群落和食物网的结构和动态，与物质循环、生物体之间的相互作用以及与资源利用和种间相互作用相关的性状进化有关。我们调查了水生群落在自然phytotelmata和在实验室微宇宙作为模式系统，因为它们具有生态系统的基本属性，特别是环境斑块，是可操纵的小，半封闭系统，适合于现场和实验室研究。在自然植物群落中，包括树洞、竹树桩和猪笼草，我们发现了几个重要的群落特性。(1)在个体中，碎屑量和水生生境的稳定性与植物层的大小相关，而植物层的大小与生物量和物种丰富度相关。因此，地方社区的空间和/或资源有限。(2)物种相互作用（PR） ...更多信息在当地群落中，物种的竞争（进化和竞争）发生在有限的小种群之间;每个物种的聚集分布和物种之间的随机关联往往导致种间相互作用的减少，这可能会促进物种的共存。(3)尽管群落多样性的局部限制，区域物种丰富度可以保持在斑块环境中，因为斑块减少种间相互作用的整体强度和环境异质性允许物种之间的生态位分离。(4)生活史和生理特征的进化分歧，特别是在栖息地选择和能量分配觅食，发育和生长，生存，可能会导致竞争物种的共存。在微观实验中，强调了微生物环的重要性。从细菌的觅食行为和营养价值两个方面研究了甲壳动物对细菌的利用。枝角类对细菌有很好的捕捉机制。此外，研究了细菌对新环境的侵入性，这与基因工程有用细菌用于恢复污染环境的应用有关。在斑块环境中相互作用的生物和食物网的数学模型，现在分析预测群落和食物网结构的进化动力学。少