THE RELATION BETWEEN SOCIAL STEREOTYPING AND AFFECT

本研究采用基于期望的虚幻关联范式，研究了积极情绪和消极情绪对群体知觉的影响。48名大学生(男12名，女36名)为研究对象。受试者被随机分配到三种情绪状态中的一种。首先，受试者参与了一项照片评级任务，让他们接触三种类型的照片(愉快、不愉快、中性)中的一种，以便根据实验条件诱导出好的、坏的或中性的情绪。然后，他们参与了一项表面上无关的第二项任务，向他们展示了一系列关于来自四所大学之一的学生的特征描述，包括他们所属的那所大学。他们被要求判断他们是否会同意每个陈述(陈述-核实任务)。判断时间被衡量为一个指数，以衡量受试者将其与他们的刻板印象知识进行比较的容易程度。之后，他们接受了一项频率估计测试，要求他们对每条语句出现的次数进行评级。结果表明，在陈述验证任务中，好情绪能加快判断时间，而坏情绪则不能。然而，无论是好情绪还是坏情绪，这种幻觉关联效应都会被放大。换句话说，与刻板印象相比，心情好或不好的受试者低估了包含非刻板印象特征的陈述的频率。综合考虑这些结果，我们得出结论：好情绪和坏情绪对错觉相关效应背后的认知过程可能产生不同的影响。好心情可能会对将刻板印象事件编码到记忆中产生强大的影响，从而促进对它们的提取。另一方面，坏情绪应该只在提取阶段起重要作用。有人认为，不良情绪可能会抑制对非刻板印象事件的提取。

The present research investigated how positive and negative mood influence upon group perception, using an expectancy-based illusory correlation paradigm. Forty eight undergraduates (12 males, 36 females) served as subjects. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of the three mood conditions. Firstly the subjects participated in a photograph-rating task, where they were exposed to one of the three types of photos (pleasant, unpleasant, neutral) in order to induce good, bad, or neutral mood according to the experimental condition. Then they participated in an ostensibly unrelated second task, where they were shown a series of trait statements about students from one of the four universities including the one they belonged to. They were asked to judge whether or not they would agree with each statement (statement-verification task). The judgment time was measured as an index for the degree of ease with which subjects collated it with their stereotypical knowledge. After that they were given a frequency estimation test where they were asked to rate how many times each statement had appeared. It was shown that good mood speeded up the judgment time in the statement-verification task, whereas bad mood did not. However, the illusory-correlation effect was shown to be amplified either by good or bad mood. In other words, subjects either in a good or bad mood underestimated the frequency of statements that contained non-stereotypical traits compared with stereotypical ones. Considering these results together, it was concluded that good and bad mood might influence differently on the cognitive processes underlying the illusory-correlation effect. Good mood might have powerful influences in encoding of stereotypical events into memory, facilitating the retrieval of them. On the other hand, bad mood should come to play an important role only at retrieval stage. It was suggested that bad mood might restrain the retrieval of non-stereotypical events.