The Effect of heavy Application of Nitrogen on Flavonoid Metabolism in Apple Skin

大量施氮对苹果皮黄酮代谢的影响

• 批准号: 07660074
• 负责人: SAITOH Hiroshi
• 金额: $ 1.34万
• 依托单位: HIROSAKI UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 1995
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1995 至 1996
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-07660074/
• 关键词: apple; anthocyanin; quercetin glycoside; flavonoid metabolism; nitrogen application; ケルセチン配糖体; リンゴ果皮

Apple fruits (cv. Jonathan) of -N plot (-N) receiving no nitrogen application from 1972 and of +N plot (+N) receiving 2kg N/tree in April of every year were investigated for flavonoid metabolism in apple skin. At harvest time, coloration rate of -N fruit was better than that of +N fruit. As flavonoid compounds in apple skin, anthocyanin (AN), leucoanthocyanin (LA) and quercetin glycosides (QG) were determined. The concentrations of total flavonoid compounds in fruit skin colored more than 90% were 383 nmol/cm^2 skin in -N fruit and 340 nmol/cm^2 skin in +N fruit. The ratios of each compound to total flavonoid was as follow ; AN 33%, LA 13% and QG 54% in -N fruit and AN 23% , LA 12% and QG 65% in +N fruit. These results suggest that heavy application of nitrogen inhibits the biosynthesis of AN and stimulates the biosynthesis of QG.To clarify the cause of this phenomenon, fruit was cohered with glass filter paper absorbing treatment solution, then lapped with polyethylene film and incubated for 12hr at 25ﾟC.After removing glass filter paper, the fruits were incubated under continuous light (15 klux) for 72hr at 15ﾟC.Ammonium sulfate, asparagine (Asn) and polyamines were used as treatment solutions. One mM solution of these compounds inhibited AN development in apple skin. Phenylalanine (Phe), dihydroquercetin (DQ) and t-cinnamic acid (tC) as precursors of AN and QG biosynthesis were tested. Phe stimulated AN development in -N fruit, but it did not stimulate AN development in +N fruit. DQ and tC stimulated AN development in +N fruit. But these compounds had no effect to AN development in -N fruit.The inhibitory effect of Asn on AN development was alleviated by addition of DQ and tC.

苹果水果(cv.对1972年起不施氮肥的-N小区(-N)和每年4月施氮2 kg/株的+N小区(+N)果皮中黄酮类物质代谢进行了研究。采收期，-N果实的着色率高于+N果实。测定了苹果皮中的花青素(AN)、亮色花青素(LA)和槲皮苷(QG)。果皮着色90%以上的总黄酮类化合物含量为383nmol/cm2果皮+N果皮和340nmol/cm2果皮。每种化合物占总黄酮的比例：-N果实中AN为33%，LA为13%，QG为54%；+N为23%，LA为12%，QG为65%。这些结果表明，大量施氮抑制了AN的生物合成，促进了QG的生物合成。为阐明这一现象的原因，将果实与玻璃滤纸吸收处理液粘合，然后用聚乙烯薄膜缠绕，在25ﾟC下孵化12小时。去掉玻璃滤纸后，在15ﾟC的连续光照(15 Klux)下培养72小时。这些化合物的1 mM溶液抑制了苹果皮的发育。考察了苯丙氨酸(Phe)、二氢槲皮素(DQ)和肉桂酸(TC)作为AN和QG生物合成的前体。Phe促进了-N果实的发育，但不刺激+N果实的发育。DQ和TC促进了+N果实的发育。但这些化合物对-N果实的发育没有影响。添加DQ和tC可以减轻ASN对AN发育的抑制作用。