"Indigenous" Bankers in Iran at the End of the Nineteenth Century

19世纪末，伊朗出现了新型的本土银行家。这些银行发展迅速，但在经营规模上远远落后于在伊朗成立的英国和俄罗斯银行。为了打败英国银行，俄罗斯银行在没有担保的情况下向有影响力的伊朗人提供了大量贷款。这家英国银行通过对外汇市场的控制影响了当地的银行家。许多本土银行家不久就破产了。

At the end of the nineteenth century, new-type indigenous bankers appeared in Iran.These bankers grew rapidly, but they were far behind the British and Russian banks, which were founded in Iran, in the scale of operation. The Russian bank lent a large amount of money without security to the influential iranians in order to defeat the British bank. The British bank influenced the indigenous bankers through its control over the foreign exchange market.Many indigenous bankers went bankrupt before long.