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The Parental Rights and Protection of Children in Early Modern Japan

近代早期日本的父母权利和儿童保护

基本信息

批准号：
09610294
负责人：
HIROI Tazuko
金额：
$ 2.18万
依托单位：
Junior college of Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1997
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1997 至 2000
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-09610294/
关键词：
parental rights Meiji Civil Code of 1898 major minor protection of children patriarchy care and custody housewife 離婚子の帰属家親子関係未成年後見就学義務民法家政書子の利益母性

项目摘要

I studied on these themes and the following results were obtained.1. In the early Meiji era there was no legal concept of parental rights. In this time, father naturally has great power to bring up his children. The head of the household, relatives and certain member of community also had concerns with bringing up them to maintain the feudalistic family system. The Meiji Civil Code of 1898 was the first legal provision in Japan to specify the rights and duties of parents. The Code regard the rights as natural because parents had natural love to their children.2. In the early years of Meiji era a boy attains his majority at the age of fifteen based on the old custom. The forty-first proclamation of Dajokan (1876) provided that the age of legal adulthood was twenty years old. Then the Meiji Civil Code restricted the ability of minority and proscribed the right of parents to protect them.3. In the case husband and wife got divorced, boy belonged to his father and often girls belonged to her mother following the custom in the early Meiji era. The Meiji Civil Code denied this custom and provided that father exercised the parental right to every child after divorce. At the same time the Code provided the mother's right to take care of her children if her husband agreed to her proposal.4. The word, Shufu was used in the textbook of home economics for the first time in the early Meiji era. It meant mistress who ordered her servants to do housework at that time. But it changed the meaning in the twenties of Meiji to housekeeper or housewife who did the housework by herself. Therefore housewife came to be thought as a vocation of woman.

我对这些主题进行了研究，取得了以下成果： 1．明治初期，没有父母权利的法律概念。这个时候，父亲抚养孩子的权力自然是很大的。户主、亲戚和某些社区成员也担心抚养他们以维持封建家庭制度。 1898年的明治民法典是日本第一部明确父母权利和义务的法律条款。该法典认为这些权利是自然的，因为父母对子女有天然的爱。2．明治初期，按照旧俗，男孩十五岁就成年了。第四十一次大政官公告（1876年）规定法定成年年龄为二十岁。随后明治民法典限制了少数人的能力，并禁止了父母对他们的保护权。 3．在夫妻离婚的情况下，按照明治初期的习俗，男孩属于父亲，女孩通常属于母亲。明治民法典否定了这一习俗，并规定离婚后父亲对每个孩子行使亲权。同时，该法还规定，如果丈夫同意母亲的提议，母亲有权照顾孩子。4．家政课本中首次使用“书服”一词是在明治初期。指的是当时命令仆人做家务的女主人。但到了明治二十年代，它的含义就变成了“管家”或“自己做家务的家庭主妇”。因此，家庭主妇被认为是女性的职业。