The discourse on education and upbringing in early modern Japan

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1.Before the Meiji era there was no legal concept of family. The Family Register Law of 1871 and the Meiji Civil Code of 1898 provided the range of family within the head of the household, his wife, children and relatives.2.In the textbooks of morals in the early years of Meiji era, there were a lot of stories about children who quite devoted themselves to their parents sacrificing their happiness. But these stories were rewrote to be the family stories based on natural love between parents and children in 1890's.3.The concept of children's interests was regarded as important in 1890's. Therefore, the Meiji Civil Code provided the mother's right to take care of her children after divorce if her husband agreed to her proposal.4.The cause of declining birthrate was not considered as due to women, but to capitalism or modernization or westernization, before the Second World War. As gender role was generalizing and becoming popular, the cause of declining birthrate was considered as due to women in 1970's.