London Merchants and the Middling Sort of People under the Tudor and Early Steuat Dynast

在贵族和士绅统治平民的时代，伦敦是英国社会第一个出现中产阶级的地方。但伦敦在16世纪是一个稳定的城市社区，有由制服公司组织的行业等级制度，伦敦的商人和实业家在16世纪无法形成社会身份，因为他们被各行各业的规范组织分隔开来。这个项目是为了展示伦敦中产阶级是如何形成的。首先，通过对近年来关于伦敦稳定与危机的研究进行梳理，证明16世纪伦敦的城市社区稳定在17世纪初开始瓦解，主要是由于城市社会阶层的两极分化、人口增长导致郊区的扩张以及中央政府权力的渗透。其次，笔者考察了从16世纪到17世纪中叶，我国汽车企业的变迁、职业结构的变迁以及进出口趋势。结果表明，16世纪初，伦敦通过羊毛布出口的快速增长，具有纺织和布匹贸易单一工业城市的一些特征，完善了公司的等级制度；16世纪后期，尽管由于出口的停滞和进口的增加，职业结构发生了变化，但服装公司并没有衰落；17世纪初，商人和富有的实业家通过社会阶层的两极分化、郊区的扩张以及从东印度、西印度和黎凡特进口的增加所带来的富裕公司贸易规则的衰落，实现了他们短暂的社会身份。他们是中产阶级的核心，他们是国会议员的支持者，反对国王的政策。最后，证明了贸易共同体的衰落破坏了相同职业的商人在适当区域的集体定居，富有的商人和不同职业的商人开始聚集在伦敦的中心。到17世纪中叶，伦敦的居住模式与其说取决于职业，不如说是取决于财富。在这个项目之后，作者将对中产阶级的文化和公共领域的形成进行研究。少

London was the first place in the English society where the middling sort of people appeared in the era when aristocrats and gentry were the rulers of plebeians. But London was a stable urban community in the 16^<th> century which had the hierarchy of trades organized by livery companies, and tradesmen and industrialists in London could not make a social identity in the 16^<th> century, being separated by the regulated organization of each trade. This project is to show bow the middling sort of people was made in London.Firstly, surveying recent studies of stability and crisis of London, the author proves that the stability of urban community of 16^<th> century London began to break down in the early 17^<th> century through the polarization of social strata in the city, the expansion of suburb caused by the increase of population, and the penetration of power of central government into it.Secondly, the author investigates changes of livery companies, transformations of occupational str … More ucture, and export and import trends from the 16^<th> to the middle part of the 17^<th> century. It shows that London had some features of mono-industrial city of textile and cloth trade through the rapid growth of export of woolen cloth in the early 16^<th> century, completing the hierarchy of companies, and that livery companies did not decline in the late l6^<th> century, though the occupational structure changed through the stagnant export and the increasing import, and that, in the early 17^<th> century, merchants and wealthy industrialists made their ephemeral social identity through the decline of trade regulations in wealthy companies, which was brought about by the polarization of social strata, the expansion of suburb, and the increase of import from East India, West India, and Levant. They were the core of the middling sort of people, which were supporters of Parliamentarians opposing the Crown's policies.Lastly, it is proved that the decline of trade communities undermined the collective settlement of traders of same occupation at proper areas, and that wealthy merchants and traders of different occupations began to gather at the center of London. The residential pattern of London depended rather on wealth than on occupations by the middle of the 17^<th> century. After this project, the author will make a research of the culture of the middling sort of people, and the formation of public sphere. Less