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London Merchants and the Middling Sort of People under the Tudor and Early Steuat Dynast

都铎王朝和斯图亚特王朝早期的伦敦商人和中等阶层

基本信息

批准号：
09630070
负责人：
SAKAMAKI Kiyoshi
金额：
$ 1.86万
依托单位：
Tohoku University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1997
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1997 至 1998
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

London was the first place in the English society where the middling sort of people appeared in the era when aristocrats and gentry were the rulers of plebeians. But London was a stable urban community in the 16^<th> century which had the hierarchy of trades organized by livery companies, and tradesmen and industrialists in London could not make a social identity in the 16^<th> century, being separated by the regulated organization of each trade. This project is to show bow the middling sort of people was made in London.Firstly, surveying recent studies of stability and crisis of London, the author proves that the stability of urban community of 16^<th> century London began to break down in the early 17^<th> century through the polarization of social strata in the city, the expansion of suburb caused by the increase of population, and the penetration of power of central government into it.Secondly, the author investigates changes of livery companies, transformations of occupational str … More ucture, and export and import trends from the 16^<th> to the middle part of the 17^<th> century. It shows that London had some features of mono-industrial city of textile and cloth trade through the rapid growth of export of woolen cloth in the early 16^<th> century, completing the hierarchy of companies, and that livery companies did not decline in the late l6^<th> century, though the occupational structure changed through the stagnant export and the increasing import, and that, in the early 17^<th> century, merchants and wealthy industrialists made their ephemeral social identity through the decline of trade regulations in wealthy companies, which was brought about by the polarization of social strata, the expansion of suburb, and the increase of import from East India, West India, and Levant. They were the core of the middling sort of people, which were supporters of Parliamentarians opposing the Crown's policies.Lastly, it is proved that the decline of trade communities undermined the collective settlement of traders of same occupation at proper areas, and that wealthy merchants and traders of different occupations began to gather at the center of London. The residential pattern of London depended rather on wealth than on occupations by the middle of the 17^<th> century. After this project, the author will make a research of the culture of the middling sort of people, and the formation of public sphere. Less

伦敦是英国社会中第一个出现中产阶级的地方，当时贵族和绅士是平民的尺子。但在16世纪，伦敦是一个稳定的城市社区，由制服公司组织的行业等级制度，在16世纪，伦敦的商人和实业家不能建立社会身份，被每一种行业的规范组织分开。首先，通过对伦敦稳定与危机的最新研究，论证了16世纪初伦敦城市社区的稳定从17世纪初开始瓦解，主要是通过城市社会阶层的两极分化、人口增长导致的郊区扩张以及中央政府权力的渗透。其次，作者考察了军营公司的变化、职业压力…的变化更多的结构，以及从16世纪中叶到17世纪中叶的进出口趋势。研究表明，16世纪初，伦敦通过毛织品出口的快速增长，完善了公司等级制度，具有纺织和布料贸易单一工业城市的一些特征；16世纪末，服装公司并没有衰落，尽管出口停滞和进口增加改变了职业结构；17世纪初，商人和富有的实业家通过富裕公司贸易规则的减少，获得了短暂的社会身份，这是由于社会阶层两极分化、郊区扩张和东印度、西印度和黎凡特进口的增加造成的。他们是中间阶层的核心，他们是反对王室政策的国会议员的支持者。最后，事实证明，贸易社区的衰落破坏了相同职业的商人在适当地区的集体定居，不同职业的富商和商人开始聚集在伦敦市中心。到了17世纪中叶，伦敦的居住模式更多地依赖于财富而非职业。在这个项目之后，笔者将对中产阶层的文化以及公共领域的形成进行研究。较少