Theoretical and application research for cultivating and educatin discussion skills and positive attitudes toward discussions

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Through the 3 year research, we obained the following resutls :1. Development of Maruno-Kato Discussion Inventoy (MKDI) : We developed the MKDI, which consists of three scales, i.e., discussion skills, monitoring, and attitutdes/values toward discussions, since this kind of scales did not exist. This inventory proved to have good psychometric properties, such as criteria-relevant validities and reliabilties.2. Theorizing the process of discussion interactions : In order to obtain better understanding of the unfolding process of discussions, we proposed a 3-phase model of monitoring (i.e., pre-monitoring, in-action monitoring, and post-monitoring) and theorized for each phase of monitoring what kinds and aspects of arguments receive close examinations through discussions and what types of thinking are required.3. Investigating effects of monitoring trainig : Based upon our theoretical premise that abilities of self-reflective thinking and suspecting and evaluating premises and common-se … More nses that underlye arguments constitute an integral part of creative thinking, we have developed a training program for cultivating monitoring skills that promote multi-perspective thinking, and examained the change process of discussion skills and attitudes toward discussions.4. Naive conceptions of discussion activities : We examined college students' and children's naive conceptions and knowledge of discussion activities and significance attached. -Furthermore, we systematically surveyed children's evaluation toward discussions and problems they experience in discussion, and proposed guidlines for developing a program of effective dialogue-type instructions in classroom and for designing an appropriate environment for such class instructions.5. Application of LTD Learning method into practice : We elaborated procedures and scripts for LTD learning method. Through their repeated application into classroom practice, we demonstrated that LTD learning method effectively promotes interpersonal skills, critical/creative thinking, and empathic understanding toward others. Less