Appling of Picturesque Views to Environmental Design

(1)河景构图典型的河景构图为溪流轴和对岸景观。中轴线景观是从桥上看到上游的山峰，对面的岸景是从步行空间看到具有地标的城镇景观。这两个观察者的位置都是弯曲的河流和桥梁上的步行空间。(2)绿化景观的构成树有四种构成功能：(A)通过在场景的两侧画树来构成框架的功能；(B)通过在场景的左侧或右侧画树来表示距离的功能；(C)通过在中间画树来划分场景的功能；(D)通过在道路的尽头画一排树来引导眼睛的功能。(3)城镇景观的构成典型的城镇景观构成是街道轴线、立面和鸟瞰。在这些情况下，广场和公园的建筑设计和高度对城镇景观的构成产生了影响。(4)绘画的观察者位置印象派和浮世绘的观察者位置的实地调查结果如下；至于印象派，这些位置被保留为建筑的广场、步行空间和露台，这些构成与现在的真实景观相似。至于Ukiyo-E，建成区的城镇景观几乎与真实景观相似。(5)地方政府城市总体规划图由现状图、专题图、指导性平面图、问题区平面图四部分组成。

(1) Composition of riverscapeTypical riverscape Compositions are stream axis and opposite bank views. The axis views are to see the upper stream with mountain from bridges, and the opposite bank views are to see townscape with landmark from the pedestrian space. Both observer positions are pedestrian space on curved river and bridges.(2) Composition of greenery landscapeTrees have four compositional functions : (a)function of framing, by drawing trees on the both sides of the scene ; (b)function of expressing distance, by drawing tree in the left or right side of the scene ; (c)function of dividing a scene, by drawing tree in the middle ; (d)f unction of directing eyes, by drawing row of trees toward the end of the road.(3) Composition of townscapeTypical townscape Compositions are street axis, facade and bird's-eye views. In these cases, building design and height on the squares and parks influence on the composition of townscape.(4) Observer positions of paintingsField survey results on observer positions of Impressionism and Ukiyo-E Landscape paintings as follows ; as for impressionism, these positions are preserved as square, pedestrian space and terrace of building, and these compositions are similar to present real views. As for Ukiyo-E, townscape of built-up areas, are almost similar to real views. However, mountains which draw in long-distance landscapes, sometimes are deformed into changed layout or on reduced scale.(5) Townscape master-plan of local governmentThe master-plan maps consist of four naps ; present condition map, subject map, guideline plan map, and problem area plan map.