Appling of Picturesque Views to Environmental Design

典型的河流景观构成是河流轴线和对岸景观。从桥上可以看到上游的山水景观，从步行空间可以看到具有地标性的城市景观。两个观察者位置都是弯曲的河流和桥梁上的行人空间。(2)绿化景观的构成树木具有四种构成功能：(a)框架功能，通过在场景的两侧绘制树木；(b)表示距离的功能，通过在场景的左侧或右侧绘制树木；(c)场景划分功能，在中间画一棵树；(d)通过向路的尽头画一排树来引导眼睛的功能。(3)城镇景观构成典型的城镇景观构成为街道轴线、立面和鸟瞰图。在这些案例中，广场和公园的建筑设计和高度影响着城市景观的构成。(4)绘画观赏者位置印象派与浮世绘风景画观赏者位置实地调查结果如下；印象派将这些位置保留为广场、步行空间和建筑露台，这些构图与呈现的真实景观相似。至于浮世绘，建成区的城镇景观几乎与真实景观相似。然而，在远距离景观中，山脉有时会变形成变化的布局或缩小的比例。(5)地方政府的城市景观总体规划。总体规划图由四个部分组成；现状图、主题图、方针图、问题区图。

(1) Composition of riverscapeTypical riverscape Compositions are stream axis and opposite bank views. The axis views are to see the upper stream with mountain from bridges, and the opposite bank views are to see townscape with landmark from the pedestrian space. Both observer positions are pedestrian space on curved river and bridges.(2) Composition of greenery landscapeTrees have four compositional functions : (a)function of framing, by drawing trees on the both sides of the scene ; (b)function of expressing distance, by drawing tree in the left or right side of the scene ; (c)function of dividing a scene, by drawing tree in the middle ; (d)f unction of directing eyes, by drawing row of trees toward the end of the road.(3) Composition of townscapeTypical townscape Compositions are street axis, facade and bird's-eye views. In these cases, building design and height on the squares and parks influence on the composition of townscape.(4) Observer positions of paintingsField survey results on observer positions of Impressionism and Ukiyo-E Landscape paintings as follows ; as for impressionism, these positions are preserved as square, pedestrian space and terrace of building, and these compositions are similar to present real views. As for Ukiyo-E, townscape of built-up areas, are almost similar to real views. However, mountains which draw in long-distance landscapes, sometimes are deformed into changed layout or on reduced scale.(5) Townscape master-plan of local governmentThe master-plan maps consist of four naps ; present condition map, subject map, guideline plan map, and problem area plan map.