A Study on Shumisen (Sumer Cosmology) Controversy from later Tokugawa period to the early years of Meiji

(1)我在各大图书馆，特别是大谷大学图书馆、国立天文台图书馆、横滨市立大学图书馆进行了相关资料的研究，并发现和收集了恩津、恩木等作家在佐田怀石料理之后的手稿。(2)据一位名叫Kamo Norikiyo的bakumatsu神道教徒从一位著名的天文学家Hazama Shigetomi那里听到的一段故事，恩津尽管年事已高，但仍积极参与Sumer宇宙论的运动。1817年，他在今梅州一所寺庙演讲的一份讲稿被保存下来。在演讲中，他将佛教历法与“孔子或其他君主的历法”等同起来。这样的表达一定吸引了那些听过很多次孔子伟大事迹的普通观众。(3)这样的讲稿也出现在恩津弟子的讲稿中，如Shingyo（1837年和1855年的讲稿）、Kanchu（1854年的讲稿）和Enki。值得注意的是，从现存的手稿来看，他们中的大多数人都在讲授同一门大炮：龙井阿比顿龙Nachigetsu Kohon。(4)德川末年至明治初年的亲佛运动，其动机是对中国新教传教士著作中所论述的西方“圆地论”和“日心说”的预防，并从苏美尔宇宙观的角度对其进行批判。Sada Kaiseki等人的Sumer宇宙论运动应该在更广泛的亲佛教运动背景下考虑。(5)尽管怀石理的努力，但苏美尔宇宙论运动在明治中期消亡的原因是，1872年以后，由于学校制度的建立，科学知识得到了普及。

(1) I have made researches on relevant materials at various libraries, especially at Otani University Library, the Library of National Observatory, Yokohama Municipal University Library and have found and collected manuscripts by Entsu, Enki and other writers after Sada Kaiseki.(2) According to Kamo Norikiyo, a bakumatsu shintoist who heard an episode from an eminent astronomer Hazama Shigetomi, Entsu was active in his campaign for Shumisen (Sumer cosmology) theory despite of his old age. A manuscript note of one of his lectures given at an temple in present Tsu, Mie in 1817 is extant, In this lecture, he identifies Buddhist calendar with "calendar by Confucius or other princes." Such expression must have appealed to general audience who had been told many times of the greatness of Confucius.(3) Such lecture notes are also found in the case of Entsu's disciples like Shingyo (lectures given in 1837 and 1855), Kanchu (1854), and Enki. It should be noted that most of them, judging from extant manuscripts, gave lectures on the same cannon : Ryusei Abidon-ron Nachigetsu Kohon.(4) Pro-Buddhism campaign from the end of Tokugawa period to early years of Meiji, were motivated by their precaution against Western theory of the idea of round earth and heliocentric system discussed in works by Protestant missionaries in China and criticized them from the viewpoint of Sumer cosmology. Campaings for Sumer cosmology by Sada Kaiseki et al. should be considered in such broader context of pro-Buddhism movement.(5) The reason why campaigns for Sumer cosmology died out in the middle of Meiji despite of Kaiseki's efforts is due to the fact that scientific knowledge had prevailed thanks to the establishment of school system from 1872 on.