Cognitive and Motivational Processes Underlying the Formation of Social Stereotypes.

进行了实验调查，以揭示形成和维持社会定型观念的心理过程。该项目包括以下四项研究。(1)第一组研究审查了社会分配观念作为定型观念基础的作用。一系列的实验测试了基于范例和基于抽象的模型，关于如何感知类别成员之间的变异性的构建。本研究还揭示了“群体内投射”在估计群体内外成员共识时的倾向。(2)第二个项目研究了因果推理对刻板判断的影响。该研究揭示了基于类别的因果关系被激活的条件，以解释刻板印象一致和不一致的行为（例如，按目标人的性别解释性别角色一致和不一致的行为）。(3)一项研究考察了刻板印象受害者的反应，其中广告描绘了受访者在群体中的刻板印象特征。结果表明，刻板印象广告的积极或消极的评价取决于由广告激活的受害者的社会身份的种类（积极与消极）。(4)在第四组研究中，刻板印象被概念化为类别成员和特质之间的感知共变。在此基础上，探讨了减少刻板印象的途径。

Experimental investigations were conducted to reveal psychological processes underlying the formation and maintenance of social stereotypes. The project consisted of the following four studies.(1) The first set of studies examined the role of the perception of social distributions as a basis for stereotyping. A series of experiments tested the exemplar-based and abstraction-based models regarding how the perception of variability among category members is constructed. The study also revealed the tendency of "in-group projection" in estimating the consensys among in-group and out-group members.(2) The second project investigated the influence of causal inferences on stereotypic judgments. The study revealed conditions under which categro-based causal sttributions are activated to explain stereotype-consistent and inconsistent behaviors (e.g., explaining gender-role consistent and inconsistent acts by the gender of the target person).(3) Reactions of the victims of stereotyping were examined by a study in which advertisements depicting stereotypic characteristics of the respondents' in group. The results showed that whether the stereotypic ads were evaluated positively or negatively depended on the kind of social identity (positive versus negative) of the victims activated by the ads.(4) In the forth set of studies, stereotypes were conceptualized as perceived convariation between category membership and traits. Based on this model, ways to reduce stereotypic indgments were explored.