Basic Research on Relationship between Zhongguo Guomin Dang (GMD) and Chinese Intellectuals

我的研究目的之一是对中国现代知识分子的总体认识。我得到了以下结果。中国近代知识分子大致分为三类。​(B)独立派：他们倾向于尽可能以和平手段进行改革。他们试图与美国和苏联建立外交关系。他们承认共产主义的存在，是自由主义者。(C)自由基。​他们反对亲苏联的个人主义。更具体地说，我分析了南京国民政府时期（1928-37）的罗龙基。然后，与救国会的成员（激进分子）相比，我明确了接下来的两点。罗龙基是一个以个人主义为基础的自由主义者。罗龙基的思想与国共的“政治监护”政策形成鲜明对比。我对抗战时期（1937- 1945）的张乃琦进行了分析，得出了以下两点结论。张乃起的一个希望是将个人与国家直接联系起来。他试图建立一个强大的政府。然而，张乃起认为政府是民主改革的必要条件。我研究了内战时期（1945- 1949）的史复良。同时，我考察了马绪伦、李平信对施富良的批评。结果，我明白了接下来的两点。石夫良是一个自由主义者。他坚持认为对一切权力进行批评对他来说是必要的。那时，激进主义在城市里变得很强烈。中国的自由主义因此失去了力量。

A purpose of my research was general understanding regarding Chinese modern intellectuals. I obtained the following results.Chinese modern intellectuals were distributed into three groups.(A) The moderates : They opposed communism and were pro-America.(B) The Independents : They oriented to reform with peaceful means, as far as possible. They tried to create diplomatic relations with both the US and the USSR.They admitted the existence of communism and were liberal.(C) The radicals. They aimed at a violent revolution with the pro-Communists.They opposed individualism with the pro-Soviet Unions.In more concrete terms, I analyzed Luo Long-ji at the time of the Nanjin Nationalist Government (1928-37). Then I made the next 2 points obvious, in comparison to members of the National Salvation Association (eadicals).1. Luo Long-ji was a liberal based on an individualism.2. The tought of Luo Long-ji sharply contrasted with "political tuttelage" policy of the CMD.I analyzed Zhang Nai-qi at the time of the Anti-Japanese War (1937-45) and obtained the next two conclusions.1. A hope of Zhang Nai-qi was to connect directly the individual with the nation. He tried to establish a strong government.2. However, Zhang Nai-qi thought that the government is necessary for a democratic reformation.I researched on Shi Fu-liang during the Civil War (1945-49). Simultaneously, I examined a criticism against Shi Fu-liang by Ma Xu-lun and Li Ping-xin. As a result, I understood the next 2 points.1. Shi Fu-liang was a liberal. He insisted that a criticism against all power is necessary for him.2. At that time, radicalism got strong in the cities. Chinese liberalism for that reason lost power.