Phylogenetic analysis of the family Drosophilidae, focused from the genus Lordiphosa

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Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Lordiphosa and some major taxa in the subfamily Drosophilinae were analyzed in this study. A total of 41 drosophilid species, including four species of the subfamily Steganinae as an outgroup and 18 species of five Lordiphosa species-groups, were selected, and 66 adult morphological characters were extracted for the analyzes. The data matrix was subjected to a cladistic analysis by phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (PAUP 3.1.1) computer program. The confidential value for each clade of the maximum parsimony tree was given by a bootstrap analysis.Based upon a consensus tree from three most parsimonious trees and the bootstrap values, the following conclusions were deduced. 1) Lordiphosa is polyphyletic. 2) The Lo.tenuicauda species-group, which itself is paraphyletic, makes a monophyletic group together with the genus Nesiodrosophila. 3) The remaining Lordiphosa species make themselves another monophyletic group as the sister group to the subgenus Sophophora. 4) Within Lordiphosa except the tenuicauda group, the fenestrarum and the denticeps groups are each monophyletic, the nigricolor group is to be divided into two monophyletic groups, but the monophyly of the miki group is not strongly supported by the bootstrap value. 5) The genus Hirtodrosophila and Scaptomyza are each monophyletic. 6) Within the Drosophilinae, the genus Scaptodrosophila is regarded as having first splitted from the main lineage. However, the subsequent branching order of other clades, Lordiphosa+Sophophora, Chymomyza, Dorsilopha, Hirtodrosophila, Scaptomyza, Nesiodrosophila+Lo.tenuicauda species-group, and Drosophila, remains unsolved.