Social Exchange of South China Area in the Period of Song-Yuan Dynasty

从宏观上看，原本是中南地区主要居民的各民族，在不断增加的汉族殖民者的影响下，逐渐开始承认自己是汉人。在福建地区，直到唐初，汉族殖民者还很少，但他们迅速增加，特别是在北部山区。他们占领了新的领土，通过亲属关系和同乡联谊会加强了原有的统一。他们还自觉加强同中部家乡政府和汉族团体的联系。宋朝建立科举制度后，福建殖民者投入其中，仅在科举开始的几年后，建州考生通过科举考试的人数就稳居北宋第一。而在随后的南宋时期，也在福建省的福州，更多的人安置了建州，并在整个王朝中继续这样做。当汉族殖民者来到福建时，他们必须通过重新构建物流来占领福建的领土并维持那里的生活。这是一项艰巨的任务，因为福建的地形条件，陡峭的山丘和激流是该省的基本特征。还有来自土著民族的威胁，他们的领土被新来者入侵。在这种情况下有两种类型的殖民。第一类以亭州为典型，以小农客家为主体，主动开拓殖民地。对土地的占领是由建立在这种团结基础上的权力所支持的。物资的分配也由他们组织，尤其是盐的贸易。从亭州到广州，沿河有许多客家聚居地，形成了盐的中转点。第二类是除亭州外福建各地普遍存在的类型。在这种情况下，不仅是盐的流通，还有茶、酒和铁等金属的流通，都是由当地强大而富有的家庭发起的。对土地的占领也得到了当地家庭组织的法律和秩序的支持。如果他们愿意，他们也可以成为地主，但他们没有选择这种方式。他们渴望与朝廷保持密切的联系，并将自己既有的权力拱手让给朝廷。他们离开了可以成为地主的祖国，通过科举制度成为官僚。他们是声誉良好的家族，因为他们可以在殖民地实现社会秩序，并将这种社会秩序交给王朝。相反，仅在南北宋时期，我省就出现了不少土豪。他们追根溯源，通过对行政权力的错误利用而获得权力。少

From the macroscopic standpoint of vie, the ethnic groups originally the main habitants of central and southern China influenced by the ever increasing Han colonists gradually began recognizing themselves as Han-Chinese.In Fujian area, there were few Han colonists until early Tang Period, but they rapidly increased especially in the northern mountainous lands. They occupied new territory strengthening their original unification through kinship relation and association of fellow provincials. They also made conscious efforts to tie up with the Administration and Han-Chinese groups in their hometown in central China. When Keju or imperial examination system was established by Song Dynasty, Fujian colonists devoted themselves to it and only after several years when the imperial examination started, the number of the Jian-zhou candidates who passed the exam, kept first place throughout Northern Song Dynasty. And during the succeeding Southern Song dynasty Fu-zhou also in Fujian province, re … More placed Jian-zhou and continued to do so throughout the dynasty.When Han colonists came to Fujian province, they had to occupy the territory in Fujian and maintain the life there through constructing physical distribution anew.It was a hard task because of the topographical conditions in Fujian, where steep hills and torrents are the basic feature of the province. There were also the threats from ethnic natives whose territory was invaded by the new comers.There were two types of colonization in this situation.The first type was typically seen in Ting-zhou, where the small peasants Hakka took the initiative in the colonization. The occupation of the land was supported by the power based on this very unity of them. And also the physical distribution was organized by them, especially in the case of salt trading. We can recognize many Hakka colonies lined along the rivers from Ting-zhou to Guang-zhou, which formed the points for relaying salt.The second type was prevailing all over Fujian except for Ting-zhou. In this case, not only the circulation of salt but also tea, wine and metal as iron were initiated by powerful and wealthy local families. The occupation of the land was also supported by the law and order actually organized by the local families here. They were also able to become the landlord if they wanted but they did not choose this way. They were eager to have close contact with the dynasty and yielded their established power to the dynasty. They left their home country where they could become landlord and became bureaucrat through imperial examination system. They were the families of good reputation because they could accomplished social order in the colony and yield this social order to the dynasty. On the contrary, we shall find many local tyrant in this province just in the period of Northern and Southern Song dynasty. They traced back the way of the families of good reputation and got their power through wrongly utilizing administrative power. Less