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Social Exchange of South China Area in the Period of Song-Yuan Dynasty

宋元时期华南地区的社会交往

基本信息

批准号：
10410088
负责人：
SATAKE Yasuhiko
金额：
$ 3.33万
依托单位：
TOKYO METOROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
1998
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1998 至 1999
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

From the macroscopic standpoint of vie, the ethnic groups originally the main habitants of central and southern China influenced by the ever increasing Han colonists gradually began recognizing themselves as Han-Chinese.In Fujian area, there were few Han colonists until early Tang Period, but they rapidly increased especially in the northern mountainous lands. They occupied new territory strengthening their original unification through kinship relation and association of fellow provincials. They also made conscious efforts to tie up with the Administration and Han-Chinese groups in their hometown in central China. When Keju or imperial examination system was established by Song Dynasty, Fujian colonists devoted themselves to it and only after several years when the imperial examination started, the number of the Jian-zhou candidates who passed the exam, kept first place throughout Northern Song Dynasty. And during the succeeding Southern Song dynasty Fu-zhou also in Fujian province, re … More placed Jian-zhou and continued to do so throughout the dynasty.When Han colonists came to Fujian province, they had to occupy the territory in Fujian and maintain the life there through constructing physical distribution anew.It was a hard task because of the topographical conditions in Fujian, where steep hills and torrents are the basic feature of the province. There were also the threats from ethnic natives whose territory was invaded by the new comers.There were two types of colonization in this situation.The first type was typically seen in Ting-zhou, where the small peasants Hakka took the initiative in the colonization. The occupation of the land was supported by the power based on this very unity of them. And also the physical distribution was organized by them, especially in the case of salt trading. We can recognize many Hakka colonies lined along the rivers from Ting-zhou to Guang-zhou, which formed the points for relaying salt.The second type was prevailing all over Fujian except for Ting-zhou. In this case, not only the circulation of salt but also tea, wine and metal as iron were initiated by powerful and wealthy local families. The occupation of the land was also supported by the law and order actually organized by the local families here. They were also able to become the landlord if they wanted but they did not choose this way. They were eager to have close contact with the dynasty and yielded their established power to the dynasty. They left their home country where they could become landlord and became bureaucrat through imperial examination system. They were the families of good reputation because they could accomplished social order in the colony and yield this social order to the dynasty. On the contrary, we shall find many local tyrant in this province just in the period of Northern and Southern Song dynasty. They traced back the way of the families of good reputation and got their power through wrongly utilizing administrative power. Less

从宏观的视野来看，中原、华南的主要聚居民族在不断增加的汉族殖民者的影响下，逐渐开始承认自己是汉人，福建地区直到唐初才有少数汉族殖民者，但在北方山区，汉族殖民者迅速增加。他们占领新的领土，通过亲属关系和同乡联合，加强了他们原有的统一。他们也有意识地努力与政府和华中家乡的汉族团体保持联系。宋代建立科举制度后，福建殖民者致力于科举，仅在科举开始的几年后，建州人通过科举考试的人数就一直保持在整个北方宋的首位。南宋时期，福州也在福建省， ...更多信息汉族殖民者来到福建后，要占领福建的土地，通过重建物质分布来维持生活，这是一项艰巨的任务，因为福建的地形条件，陡峭的山和洪水是该省的基本特征。这种情况下的殖民有两种类型，第一种类型以汀州为代表，以小农客家人为主导。对土地的占领得到了建立在他们团结一致基础上的力量的支持。他们还组织了实物分配，特别是在盐贸易方面。从汀州到广州的河流沿线沿着分布着众多的客家人聚居地，形成了转运盐的据点。在这种情况下，不仅盐的流通，而且茶，酒和铁等金属都是由当地强大而富有的家庭发起的。对土地的占领也得到了当地家庭实际组织的法律和秩序的支持。如果他们愿意，也可以成为地主，但他们没有选择这种方式。他们渴望与王朝密切接触，并将他们建立的权力交给王朝。他们离开了祖国，在那里他们可以成为地主，并通过科举制度成为官僚。他们之所以能在殖民地建立起社会秩序，并将这种社会秩序拱手让给王朝，因而是有名望的家族。相反，仅在北方宋时期，就有不少地方豪强出现。他们追根溯源，通过错误地运用行政权力来获取权力。少