Development of Genetic Algorithms based System for High-Precision Reconstructions of Three-Dimensional Topographies using Stereo Fractographs

开发了一种软件，该软件能够在没有人工辅助的情况下重建断裂表面的三维（3-D）形状。它是基于计算机图像处理和模式识别技术，通过使用立体对扫描电子显微照片。该处理包括两个子过程：搜索两幅图像之间的匹配点和利用匹配点的相对位移计算高度。在使用以前开发的系统，一些不匹配是不可避免的，在搜索过程中，特别是对于低对比度的扫描电镜图像，如条纹，晶间刻面，等等，为了提高搜索的准确性，遗传算法（GA）被实施到开发的系统。通过使用GA方法，各种各样的断裂表面，包括解理断裂，晶间裂纹，韧窝和疲劳条纹的3-D形状，成功地重建了足够的精度。比较了遗传算法和已有的粗搜索和密搜索两步算法的搜索过程。证明了遗传算法具有搜索精度高、运行时间短的优点。因此，以足够的精度和相对较短的运行时间获得了详细的3D形状，或超过120×120的重建点尺寸形状。该系统也被应用到疲劳断裂表面的不锈钢（SUS 316 NG）和低合金钢（SGV 420），和定量的形貌测量和应力强度因子和/或裂纹扩展速率之间的关系进行了讨论。

A software is developed which enables reconstruction of the three-dimensional (3-D) shape of fracture surfaces without human assistance. It is based upon computer image processing and pattern recognition techniques by using a stereo-pair of scanning electron micrographs. The processing consists of two subprocesses : searching the matching points between two images and computation of heights using the relative shift of the matching points. By using the previously developed system, some mismatches were inevitable in the search process, in particular, for low-contrast SEM images such as striations, intergranular facets, and so on. In order to improve the accuracy of the search, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) was implemented into the developed system. By using the GA method, the 3-D shapes of a wide variety of fracture surfaces including cleavage failures, intergranular cracking, dimples and fatigue striations, were successfully reconstructed with sufficient accuracy. The searching processes by the GA method and the previously developed two-step algorithm of coarse and close searching were compared. These proved that the GA method has the advantage of accuracy in the searching process and of short-run-time. A detailed 3-D shape, or more than a 120×120 reconstructed point-sized shape, was thus obtained with sufficient accuracy and with a relatively short-run-time. The developed system was also applied to the fatigued fracture surfaces of a stainless steel (SUS316NG) and a low-alloy steel (SGV420), and the relationship between quantitative topographic measures and stress intensity factors and/or crack growth rates was discussed.