Research on Supervision and Guidance Functions of Educational Research Institutes and Centers at the Local Level in the Age of Decentralization

(1)对教师在职培训的监督和指导职能本研究项目分析了地方教育委员会的监督和指导职能，特别是地方教育委员会与当地教育机构或教育中心之间的竞争关系。地方教育委员会和地方教育研究所或教育研究中心的监督和指导职能性质与义务学校和地级高中的职能有很大不同。研究发现，就义务学校而言，县教育委员会与县教育研究中心、市教育委员会与市教育研究中心之间的职能分工和竞争关系没有明确的模式。(2)县教育委员会与县教育研究中心之间的职能分工…更多的是教育研究中心。在对学校的监督方面，地方教育委员会和地方教育研究中心之间有明确的职能分工，而在教师在职培训和教师素质提高的指导职能方面，双方没有明确的职责分工。在岐阜州，2000年，州教育研究中心并入州教育委员会。目前的研究表明，教师在职培训的监督指导职能有向地级教育研究中心集中的趋势，教育研究中心需要与当地教育委员会进行更直接的接触。(3)增加教育研究中心对教师在职培训的“外展”活动虽然地方教育委员会被迫处理更多的行政活动，但对委员会本身的监督和指导职能的要求越来越高。教师顾问和当地教育委员会的其他相关工作人员比以往任何时候都更加忙碌。此外，在目前的政府行政和财政改革下，增加地方教师在职培训预算的难度加大。近年来，用于教师在职培训的预算甚至一直在减少。一项关于“全面、综合学习的课堂学时”的教师在职培训调查表明，教育研究中心通过培训人员的学校访问，以“校内培训”和“外展”活动的形式丰富实践培训，而不是继续强调在教育研究中心举办讲座式的培训研讨会，这是一个明确的趋势。较少

(1)Supervision and Guidance functions with regard to in-service training of teachersThis research project analyzed the supervisiion and guidance functions of the local board of education with special reference to competitive relations between the local board of education and the local institute or center of educational. The nature of the supervision and guidance functions of the local board of education and of the local institute or center of educational research greatly differs between the functions with regard to compulsory schools and those with regard to prefectural upper secondary schools.It has been found that there is no definite pattern with regard to the division of functions and competitive relations between the prefectural board of education and the prefectural educational research center and between the municipal board of education and the municipal educational research center, so far as compulsory schools are concerned.(2)The division of functions between boards of educati … More on and educational research centers.With regard to the supervision of schools, there is the clear division of functions between the local board of education and the local educational research center, while, with regard to guidance functions on in-service training of teachers and on the qualitative improvement of teachers, there is no definite division of responsibilities between the two parties. In Gifu Prefecture, in 2000 the prefectural educational research center was incorporated into the prefectural board of education. The present research project has made clear that there is a trend for concentrating the supervision and guidance functions on in-service training of teachers into the prefectural centers for educational research, and that educational research centers need to have more direct contacts with the local board of education.(3)Increase in "outreach" activities of educational research centers with regard to in-service training of teachersAlthough the local board of education is compelled to deal with more administrative activities, the board is increasingly required to enrich its own supervision and guidance functions. Teacher consultants and other related staff of the local board of education are growing busier than ever before.In addition, under the present reform in government administration and finance, there is more difficulty in increasing local budgets on in-service training of teachers. In recent years budgets on in-service training of teachers have been even decreasing. A survey on in-service training of teachers concerning "classroom hours on overall and integrated learning" made clear that there is a definite trend for enriching practical training in the forms of "in-school training" and "outreach" activities of educational research centers through school visits of training staff, rather than for continuing to give emphasis on lecture-type training seminars in educational research centers. Less