Genetic differentiation of ninespine sticklebacks in Japan and adjacent countries

我们应用线粒体DNA(MtDNA)RFLP分析方法对两种刺鱼(Pungitius tymensis和P.pugitius)的母系进行了追踪，并检测到偶尔发生的自然杂交。在这项研究中，还分析了每个导入群体和纯群体中mtDNA限制性内切酶位点的变异，以检查过去的群体大小。线粒体DNA系统发育分析解决了A组和B组两个不同的系统发育群，异地种群和共域种群都属于A组，而伤寒原虫则表现为副系；B组的所有单倍型都只有P.tymensis，但北海道北部和中部的7个种群中有6个种群携带A组mtDNA单倍型，这与在共生型种群中观察到的mtDNA单倍型非常接近。这些观察结果表明，伤寒沙门氏菌的A组mtDNA单倍型起源于同域的松材线虫，并且导入的mtDNA单倍型具有…。在每个地区有更多的多系起源。北海道北部和中部地区较温暖的气候可能是由于较温暖的气候所致。我们还利用全线粒体DNA(MtDNA)的RFLP分析，探讨了淡水型刺鱼、对虾和中华对虾种内侧板二型性的系统地理和起源。用7种限制性内切酶对采自41个地点的该物种的种群进行了调查，并附加了6个采自俄罗斯鄂霍次克海沿岸的Pungitius种群。54个mtDNA单倍型的UPGMA树状图显示，日本存在6个聚类群，序列差异约1.2-1.5%。比较这些类群的地理分布格局，可以将其分为两大类，一类是广泛分散分布的类型，另一类是组成单倍型的局部分布类型。前一类群也主要携带在完全平板型的种群中，而后一类群则为部分平板型。看来，北方地区多形性祖先的两次冰期扩散和间冰期的隔离对日本目前这两种变种的分布起到了重要作用。较少

We applied mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) RFLP analysis to trace the maternal lineages of two ninespine stickleback species, Pungitius tymensis and P. pungitius, in which occasional natural hybridization was detected. In this study, mtDNA restriction site variation within each of the introgressed and pure populations was also analyzed, to examine the past population sizes. MtDNA phylogenies resolved two divergent phylogenetic groups A and B. Both allopatric and sympatric populations of P. pungitius fall within group A. In contrast, P. tymensis appeared paraphyletic; all group B haplotypes were possessed by only P. tymensis, but six of seven populations in the northern and central Hokkaido carried group A mtDNA haplotypes, which were very close to the mtDNA haplotypes observed in syrupattic P. pungitius populations. These observations suggest that the group A mtDNA haplotypes of P. tymensis originated and introgressed from sympatric P. pungitius, and that the introgressed mtDNA haplotypes ha … More ve a polyphyletic origin in each region. The lack of the mtDNA variation in the 'pure' populations and the high incidences of the mtDNA introgression in the northern and central Hokkaido regions may be due to a warmer climate than the other regions.We also used RFLP analysis of entire mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to examine phylogeography and origin of the intraspecific lateral plate dimorphism in the freshwater type of ninespine sticklebacks, Pungitius pungitius and P. sinensis species complex. The survey with seven restriction enzymes was carried out on the populations of this species collected from 41 localities across the species range and six Pungitius populations collected from the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk in Rissia were appended. UPGMA dendrogram among 54 mtDNA haplotypes revealed the existence of six clustering groups differing from each other by approximately 1.2-1.5% in sequence divergences in Japan. Comparison of the geographic distribution patterns of these groups suggests the patterns shoud beclassified into two broad categories, one with the extensive dispersals and the other with the localized distributions of the constituent haplotypes. The former groups were also carried mainly in the populations with completely plated morph, but the latter groups were in partially plated morph. It appears that the twice glacial dispersals of polymorphic ancestors from northern regions and an interglacial isolation played an important role in the formation of present distributions of the two morphs in Japan. Less