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The History of Japanese House, Spatial Characteristics and their Origin

日本住宅的历史、空间特征及其起源

基本信息

批准号：
10650635
负责人：
KAWAMOTO Shigeo
金额：
$ 1.98万
依托单位：
Kyoto Women's University (1999-2000)Hokkaido Institute of Technology (1998)
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1998
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1998 至 2000
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

In this study I am trying to clarify how the traditional Japanese houses has acquired its spatial characters, such as the openness and the flexibility of the space. It has been said by many Japanese scholars that the Japanese hot and wet summer weather made the Japanese houses so open, but the old vernacular houses built before the 17th century were enclosed by the thick mud walls and the space were closed and then poor ventilated. That is, the openness only belongs to the residence of the ruling classes which we call Shinden-Zukuri or Shoin-Zukuri.I propose to bring the two new concepts of " the space surrounded by pillars " and " the space enclosed by walls " into the classification of the Japanese houses. Originally the former space was made in front of the ceremonial garden as a main hall for the ceremony. And to keep the continuity between the inner space and the outer space of the hall, its front side faced to the garden should not have any wall like the loggia in the Italian piazza. In the case of Japan this type of building was introduced from China in the late 7th century, as the main ceremonial hall of the palace. And then the aristocrats had to build their residences as "the space surrounded by pillars" for the sake of the ceremonies in Heian period. For the everyday life, they made small rooms by enclosing this open space with screens, clothes and sliding doors. We call this residential type "Shinden-Zukuri". In Shoin-Zukuri developed from Shiden-Zukuri, most rooms were defined by the sliding doors supported by the upper and the lower rails between the pillars. And in the 18th or 19th century vernacular houses adopted this system to make their rooms.The openness and the flexibility of the traditional Japanese house are the products of the historical progress of Japanese houses.

在本研究中，我试图阐明日本传统住宅是如何获得其空间特征的，如空间的开放性和灵活性。曾有不少日本学者表示，日本炎热潮湿的夏季天气，使得日本的房屋如此开放，但17世纪以前建造的旧民居，被厚厚的泥墙围起来，空间封闭，进而通风不畅。也就是说，这种开放性只属于统治阶级的住宅，我们称之为新殿住宅或松阴住宅。我建议将“被柱子包围的空间“和“被墙壁包围的空间“这两个新概念引入日本住宅的分类中。最初，以前的空间是在仪式花园前面作为仪式的主要大厅。为了保持大厅内部空间和外部空间的连续性，它面向花园的正面不应该像意大利广场上的凉廊那样有任何墙壁。就日本而言，这种类型的建筑是在7世纪末从中国引进的，作为宫殿的主要仪式大厅。在平安时代，贵族们为了举行仪式，不得不把自己的住所建造成“柱子环绕的空间”。在日常生活中，他们用屏风、衣服和推拉门把这个开放的空间围起来，做成小房间。我们称之为住宅类型“Shinden-Zukuri”。在Shiden-Zukuri开发的Shoin-Zukuri中，大多数房间都由支柱之间的上下导轨支撑的滑动门定义。18、19世纪世纪的日本民居也采用了这种体系来建造房间。日本传统民居的开放性和灵活性是日本民居历史进步的产物。