The History of Japanese House, Spatial Characteristics and their Origin

日本住宅的历史、空间特征及其起源

基本信息

批准号：
10650635
负责人：
KAWAMOTO Shigeo
金额：
$ 1.98万
依托单位：
Kyoto Women's University (1999-2000)Hokkaido Institute of Technology (1998)
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1998
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1998 至 2000
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

In this study I am trying to clarify how the traditional Japanese houses has acquired its spatial characters, such as the openness and the flexibility of the space. It has been said by many Japanese scholars that the Japanese hot and wet summer weather made the Japanese houses so open, but the old vernacular houses built before the 17th century were enclosed by the thick mud walls and the space were closed and then poor ventilated. That is, the openness only belongs to the residence of the ruling classes which we call Shinden-Zukuri or Shoin-Zukuri.I propose to bring the two new concepts of " the space surrounded by pillars " and " the space enclosed by walls " into the classification of the Japanese houses. Originally the former space was made in front of the ceremonial garden as a main hall for the ceremony. And to keep the continuity between the inner space and the outer space of the hall, its front side faced to the garden should not have any wall like the loggia in the Italian piazza. In the case of Japan this type of building was introduced from China in the late 7th century, as the main ceremonial hall of the palace. And then the aristocrats had to build their residences as "the space surrounded by pillars" for the sake of the ceremonies in Heian period. For the everyday life, they made small rooms by enclosing this open space with screens, clothes and sliding doors. We call this residential type "Shinden-Zukuri". In Shoin-Zukuri developed from Shiden-Zukuri, most rooms were defined by the sliding doors supported by the upper and the lower rails between the pillars. And in the 18th or 19th century vernacular houses adopted this system to make their rooms.The openness and the flexibility of the traditional Japanese house are the products of the historical progress of Japanese houses.

在这项研究中，我试图阐明日本传统房屋如何获得其空间特征，例如空间的开放性和灵活性。许多日本学者说，日本炎热潮湿的夏季天气使日本的房屋如此开放，但是在17世纪之前建造的古老的白话房屋被厚实的泥墙封闭，空间关闭，然后通风不良。也就是说，开放性仅属于我们称为Shinden-Zukuri或Shoin-Zukuri的统治阶级的住所。最初，以前的空间是在礼仪花园前制作的，作为仪式的主厅。为了保持内在空间和大厅外太空之间的连续性，其前侧面向花园不应像意大利广场上的loggia那样墙壁。就日本而言，这种类型的建筑是在7世纪后期从中国引入的，是宫殿的主要礼仪大厅。然后，为了在平民时期举行仪式，贵族不得不以“被支柱包围的空间”建造自己的住所。在日常生活中，他们通过用屏幕，衣服和滑动门封闭开放空间来制作小房间。我们称这种住宅类型为“ Shinden-Zukuri”。在Shiden-Zukuri开发的Shoin-Zukuri中，大多数房间都是由支柱之间的上部和下部轨支撑的滑动门定义的。在18世纪或19世纪，白话采用了该系统来建造房间。日本传统房屋的开放性和灵活性是日本房屋历史进步的产物。