Comparative Cultural Research using Autophotographic Behavior Sampling

本研究的目的是利用非语言数据来比较大学生目标与行为之间的关系。日本的数据是去年收集的，所以今年的数据是在斯坦福大学的劳伦·夏皮罗的合作下从美国受试者那里收集的。数据收集的方法与去年在日本使用的方法相同：1首先要求受试者完成一份详细说明他们的目标和日常行为的问卷(2)，然后受试者在两周的时间里对他们的行为进行自拍记录。后一项实验要求受试者携带手表闹钟和相机，并拍摄一张代表他们在随机闹钟响起时的行为的照片，每天五次。通过这种方式获得的70张“自拍”被分析为代表受试者行为的非语言数据。(3)在两周的时间结束时，受试者被要求完成一份描述…的问卷更多的是他们的目标和行为，如照片所示。这个实验是在2000年10月到2001年3月之间进行的。30名受试者参与了这项实验。分析集中于比较在每个照片和语言数据中用成就目标或过程目标描述目标的程度。为了实现比较，最初对以前收集的20个照片数据集(Sonoda，Leuers，1999；Leuers&Sonoda，1999)进行了重新分析，发现日本照片的姿势非常复杂，没有表达时间的流逝，照片所聚焦的事情或事件被呈现为完成。另一方面，在美国的照片中，很少摆姿势，许多照片表达的是时间的流逝：正在进行或过程类型的照片更常见。这一结果在Sonoda，Leuers和Shapiro(2000)中进行了总结。换言之，虽然以前的研究认为日本人没有叙述具体的目标，并强调他们的行为正在进行的过程，但通过自拍方法发现，日本人的受试者根本不一定是过程导向的。在对代表未来的拼贴画的研究中也观察到了同样的结果，如Sonoda and Leuers(2001)中总结的那样。这项研究的结果也可以用同样的方式解释。较少

The objective of this research was to use non-linguistic data to compare the relationship between the goals and behavior of university students. Japanese data was collected last year, so this year data was collected from American subjects with the cooperation of Lauren Shapiro of Stanford University. The method of data collection was the same as that used in Japan last year : 1 first of all subjects were required to complete a questionnaire detailing their goals and usual behavior (2) and then subjects took an autophotographic record of their behavior over a two week period. The latter experiment required that subjects carry a wrist watch alarm and a camera, and take a photograph representing their behavior at the time a random alarm sounded, five times a day. The 70 "self photographs" obtained in this way was analysed as a non-linguistic data representing the subjects' behaviour. (3) At the end of the two week period the subjects were then required to complete a questionnaire describi … More ng their goals and behavior "as represented in the photographs". This experiment was carried out between October 2000 ad March 2001. 30 Subjects took part in the experiment.The analysis concentrate on a comparison between the extent to which goals were described in terms of achievement goals or process goals in each of the photographic and linguistic data. In order to achieve a comparison, initially the 20 photograph data sets collected previously (Sonoda, Leuers, 1999 ; Leuers ＆ Sonoda, 1999) were reanalysed were upon it was found that Japanese photographs were extremely posed, the passing of time was not expressed, and the thing or event upon which the photographs focussed, was presented as being completed. In the American photographs on the other hand, few posed, and in many the passing of time was expressed : in progress or process type photographs were more common. This result is summarized in Sonoda, Leuers and Shapiro (2000). In other words, while in previous research it has been argued that Japanese do not narrated specific goals and emphasise the on going process of their behaviour, using the autophotographic method it was found that Japanese subjects were not necessarily process orientated at all. This same results was observed in research upon collages representing the future as summarised in Sonoda and Leuers (2001). The results of this research can be interpreted in the same way. Less