Research relating to the financial guarantee and rehabilitation system in pre-modern samurai society

本研究的一个主要问题是阐明由封建领主氏族（daimyo，汉族首领）和个别藩属组成的前现代封建武士组织结构的基本原则。在这项研究中，我认为重要的是封建武士领主或大名氏族社会群体的组织原则，简单来说，就是其成员的生计和地位得到保障。当然，武士的武士身份也有可能被剥夺，例如，如果一个藩属的世系因继承法而被切断或者在履行公务时出现疏忽或违规行为；然而，他们至少没有因为经济原因而失去他们的地位。即使大名的封臣陷入贫困状态，也不会出现“个人破产”的情况，即他们会在债务负担下放弃自己的封地，或者放弃武士身份，成为浪人。他们迟早会被拯救，恢复名誉，恢复到大名附庸的正常状态。最终保证大名藩民生计和地位的是藩地作为抵押品的功能，以及拥有藩地的封建领主有义务为藩民提供救济。虽然大名藩族基本上要处理好自己的各种财政问题，但与此同时，在前现代的大名家族内部，有办法恢复他们作为大名藩族的地位，并以某种形式保证他们的武士地位，如果他们碰巧达到了自己独立努力的限度，也不会被忽视。这些特殊的手段是建立在封地假设的基础上的，这构成了封臣生活的基础。本研究收集了以小仓、熊本细川汉为中心的九州地区的京宁汉财政史料和有关封地制度的史料，考察了近代前名族保障藩民生计和地位的实际方式。此外，它还从经济角度重新定义了垂直的宗藩关系以及与封地有关的方面，同时也阐明了大名氏族的结构。少

A major issue pursued in this study is the elucidation of the fundamental principles in the organizational structuring of pre-modern feudal samurai organizations consisting of feudal lord clans (daimyo, han leaders) and individual vassals. What I view with importance in this study as the organizational principle within the social group of the feudal samurai lord or daimyo clans is, in simple terms, the fact that the livelihood and status of its members were guaranteed.It was possible, far course, for samurai to be deprived of their samurai status if, far example, the family line of a vassal were severed based an laws of succession or if there were negligence or violations in the performance of official duties; however, they at least did not lose their status for economic reasons. Even if daimyo vassals felt into a state of poverty, there were no cases of "personal bankruptcy" in which they would abandon their fief under a burden of debt or forfeit samurai status itself and become ronin … More . They would sooner or later be rescued, rehabilitated and returned to their normal state as daimyo vassals. What ultimately guaranteed trie livelihood and status of daimyo vassals were the function of vassal fiefs as collateral and the obligation of the feudal lord who had custody of the fief to provide relief for their vassals. Although daimyo vassals were basically expected to take care of their own various financial problems, at the same time, means were structured within the pre-modern daimyo clans for rehabilitating them as daimyo vassals and guaranteeing their samurai status in one form or another without being neglected if they happened to reach the limits of their own independent efforts. The particular means were devised based on the assumption of the fief, which formed the foundation of vassal livelihood. In this study, I collected historical material regarding the financial affairs of kyunin of han in Kyushu, centered in the Kokura and Kumamoto Hosokawa han, and historical records relating to the fief system and examined the actual manner in which the livelihood and status of the vassals wore guaranteed in pre-modern daimyo clans. It moreover has the role of redefining vertical master-vassal relationships as well as fief-related aspects from an economic perspective while also elucidating the structure of daimyo clans. Less