Contrastive Studies of Written Manchu, Spoken Manchu, and Pre-Modern Chinese

久保揭示了新疆维吾尔自治区中国所说的满语锡夫语的语音和词法方面的问题。他还考察了中国西北地区的另一种满语。以前的方言有一个和声系统，其中词干-元音(atr对非atr，或高音对非高音)和/或词干-辅音(腹音vs.uvular系列)与后缀辅音(velar vs.uvular系列)协调。这个系统可以说是满语书面和谐的发展版本。西北方言似乎甚至失去了词干和后缀的和谐，失去了元音和元音的对立。Hayata在满文版的《金瓶梅》中研究了满语书写的几个方面。他认为满语有五个元音，而不是六个，对立的是/k，g，x/和/q，G，X/。他出版了满文版《金瓶梅》的日文译本，第11至15章(第1至第10章的译本于1998年出版)。他还出版了《大青全书》的音译和满文索引，这将有助于书面满语的音系学研究。冯考察了前现代汉语的“得”在《金瓶梅》中的功能和用法。

Kubo has revealed phonological and morphological aspects of the Sive language, a dialect of Manchu spoken in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. He also investigated another dialect of Manchu in the north-western area of China. The former dialect has a harmony system in which stem-vowels (ATR vs. non-ATR, or high vs. non-high) and/or stem-consonants (velar vs. uvular series) harmonize with suffix-consonants (velar vs. uvular series). This system can be said a developed version of the harmony observed in Written Manchu. The north-western dialect seems to have lost even a stem=suffix harmony as well as a velar vs. uvular opposition.Hayata has studied several aspects of Written Manchu in the Manchu version of Jin Ping Mei.(Golden Lotus). He has argued that Manchu has five vowels, not six, with an opposition of /k, g, x/ and /q, G, X/ (velar vs. uvular). He published the Japanese translation of the Manchu version of Jin Ping Mei, chapters 11 to 15 (the translation of chapters 1 to 10 was published in 1998.) He also published the transliteration and Manchu index of Da Qing Quan Shu (dai cing gurun -i yooni bithe), which will contribute to the phonological study of Written Manchu.Feng has investigated the functions and usages of Pre-Modern Chinese "de" in Jin-Ping-Mei.