Phylogeny of basal monocotyledons -as the first step to an investigation on non-synchronism between phenotype evolution and genotype evolution-

在本研究中，首先，我们发现基于叶绿体matK基因DNA序列的分子系统树比基于叶绿体rbcL基因DNA序列的分子系统树能更好地解析单子叶植物的主要进化关系。其次，利用matK和rbcL基因的DNA序列，构建了分子系统发育树，为目前发表的分子系统发育树中单子叶植物的主要进化关系提供了最好的解决方案。并证明百合科不是单系植物，至少可分为五个谱系，即百合目、芦笋目、石蒜科、柳叶科和紫花科。在单子叶植物的MatK+RbcL树中，石竹目是第一个分支，其次是泽泻目(包括Tofieldiaceae)，Petrosavia组，薯科(Dioscorees)组(包括Nartheciaceae)，百合目(Liliales)，天门冬科(An…)，An更多的公仆-团体。其次，我们重新考察了单子叶植物的分类学，这是形态上最原始的单子叶植物科之一，对于研究单子叶植物的祖先形态具有重要意义。并且，我们认为，具有完全合生心皮的Isidrogalvia应该从Tofieldiaceae转移到Nartheciaceae。在此转移后，Tofieldiaceae仅对应于具有几乎离生心皮的植物，并且Tofieldiaceae的形态原始性变得更加明确。进一步揭示了天门冬科及其近缘科的科、属、种之间的关系，其中分类争议较大，染色体特征高度多样化，并对染色体数目和核型进化方向进行了估计。较少

In the present study, first, we revealed that a molecular phylogenetic tree based on DNA sequences of plastid matK gene provides much better resolution of major evolutionary relationships of the monocotyledons than a molecular phylogenetic tree based on DNA sequences of plastid rbcL gene. Second, using DNA sequences of both matK and rbcL genes, we constructed the molecular phylogenetic tree that provides the best resolution of major evolutionary relationships of the monocotyledons among molecular phylogenetic trees published until the present time as far as I know. And, we proved that Liliaceae are not monophyletic and can be divided into at least five lineages, i.e., Liliales, Asparagales, Tofieldiaceae, Nartheciaceae, and Petrosavia-group. In the matK + rbcL tree of the monocotyledons, Acorales is diverged as the first branch, followed successively by Alismatales-group (including Tofieldiaceae), Petrosavia-group, Dioscoreales-group (including Nartheciaceae), Liliales, Asparagales, an … More d Commelinales-group. And, we established a framework of a new classification of the monocotyledons based on molecular information.Next, we reexamined taxonomy of the Tofieldiaceae, which are one of the most morphologically primitive monocotyledonous families and are important in considering the ancestral morphology of the monocotyledons. And, we concluded that the Isidrogalvia, which has fully connate carpels, should be transferred from the Tofieldiaceae to Nartheciaceae. After this transfer, the Tofieldiaceae correspond only to plants with almost free carpels, and the morphological primitiveness of the Tofieldiaceae became more definitive. The calyculus, which the Tofieldiaceae and Isidrogalvia share, turned out to have evolved in parallel in the lineages of Tofieldiaceae and Nartheciaceae.Further, we revealed relationships among families, genera and species of the Convallariaceae (Asparagales) and their allied families, in which the taxonomy was quite controversial and the chromosomal characters are highly diversified, and estimated the direction of evolution of the chromosome numbers and karyotypes. Less