Study on break-down energy of grasses used at foraging of grazing animals -comparison of cattle to horse

食草动物采食用草的分解能研究——牛与马的比较

• 批准号: 11660264
• 负责人: HONGO Akio
• 金额: $ 2.05万
• 依托单位: Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 1999
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1999 至 2000
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-11660264/
• 关键词: degeneration of upper front teeth; foraging strategy; thoroughbred; holstein; suffolk; grazing baord; break-down strength; comb-out strategy; ヒツジ; オーチャードグラス; チッソ施肥; ペレニアルライグラス; トールフェスク; リードカナリーグラス

Ruminants degenerate upper front teeth. This study was carried out in order to clarify an advantage of this degeneration of upper front teeth at grass foraging, compared with horse. The experiments were carried out using three thoroughbred horses and three cows of dry Holstein in July 1999, and three castrated Suffolk sheep in July and August 2000. Grass species used were perennial ryegrass leaves (PRG), tall fesue leaves (TF) and reedcanary culms (RCG) in 1999, and orchardgrass leaves (OG) applied with 0, 10 and 20 kg/10a of nitrogen. These grasses were fixed on 15 one-way loadcells in 1999 and 5 three-way loadcells in 2000, and were grazed by animals. At prehending bite, break-down strength of grasses was measured by loadcells.Prehending load per 1g DM was 22.9-27.9 kg in cow 17.7-23.6 kg in horse when PRG and TF leaves were given, and 75.2 kg at low leaf density and 41.2 kg at high leaf density in sheep. Mean load per 1 bite was 12.5 kg in cow and 19.4 kg in horse at grazing of PRG … More and TF leaves, and 2.8-3.3 kg in sheep. These values were correspondent to 1.9% in cow, 3.6% in horse and 8.7% of body weights. Sheep used 2.01-2.26 kg of total load at forward movement and 2.63-2.65 kg kg of total load at buckward movement when maximum values of total loads observed at each point were used. This result suggests that sheep can effectively sever grasses by a lower front teeth at forward movement, resulted in lower total load.Cow wrap their tongues around grass and pull to pregend it. In a mixture of hard culms of RCG and soft PRG/TF leaves, cow could selectively shear soft leaves without upper front theeth, because hard culms were avoided for their higher tensile strength. Hoese use strong, mobile and sensitive upper lip to collect grass and shear off it by both upper and lower front teeth. At grazing, horse sheared both leaves and culms together. Therefore, "comb-out" strategy of ruminant foraging is made a proposal concerning an avoidance of hard culms. This term was brought from the same behavior of combing out a hair. The result will be published soon. Less

反刍动物退化上门牙。这项研究的目的是为了澄清这种退化的上门牙在草觅食，与马相比。1999年7月，使用3匹纯种马和3头干荷斯坦奶牛进行了实验，2000年7月和8月，使用3只去势萨福克羊进行了实验。1999年试验用的草种为多年生黑麦草叶（PRG）、高羊茅叶（TF）和芦苇秆（RCG），鸭茅叶（OG）施氮量分别为0、10和20 kg/10a。1999年将这些草固定在15个单向称重传感器上，2000年固定在5个三向称重传感器上，供动物放牧。用称重传感器测定了牧草的抗折强度，每克干物质的抗折强度，奶牛为22.9- 27.9kg，马为17.7- 23.6kg，绵羊为75.2kg，高密度为41.2kg。在放牧条件下，牛和马每咬一口的平均负荷分别为12.5kg和19.4kg ...更多信息 和TF叶，绵羊体重2.8- 3.3kg。这些值相当于牛的1.9%，马的3.6%和体重的8.7%。当使用在每个点观察到的总负荷的最大值时，绵羊在向前运动时使用2.01-2.26 kg的总负荷，在向后运动时使用2.63-2.65 kg的总负荷。这一结果表明，绵羊在前向运动时可以通过下门牙有效地切断草，从而降低了总负荷;奶牛用舌头缠绕草并拉动以使其怀孕;在RCG的硬茎和PRG/TF的软叶的混合物中，奶牛可以选择性地剪切软叶，而不需要上门牙，因为硬茎具有更高的抗拉强度。锄类动物使用强壮、移动的和敏感的上唇来收集草，并通过上下门牙将草剪断。吃草时，马把叶子和秆一起剪下来。因此，提出了反刍动物避免硬秆的“梳出”采食策略。这个词是从梳理头发的同样行为中产生的。结果将很快公布。少

项目成果

Hongo, A., Akimoto, M.and Zhang, J.: "An advantage of the degeneration of upper front teeth in ruminant foraging"Grassland Science. vol.47(not decided). (2001)

Hongo，A.，Akimoto，M.和Zhang，J.：“反刍动物觅食中上门牙退化的优势”草原科学。

本江昭夫 他2名: "反芻動物の採食行動の特徴と上顎切歯の退化の優位性について"日本草地学会誌. 47巻(予定). (2001)

Akio Motoe等2人：“反刍动物的摄食行为特征和上切牙退化的优势”日本草原学会杂志第47卷（计划）（2001年）。

Hongo, A., Akimoto, M.and Zhang, J.: "Comb-out strategy of ruminant foraging in relation to the degeneration of upper front teeth"Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge. vol.134 (not decided). (2001)

Hongo, A.、Akimoto, M.和Zhang, J.：“反刍动物觅食与上门牙退化相关的梳理策略”《农业科学杂志》，剑桥。

Hongo,A. 他2名: "Comb-out strategy of ruminant foraging in relation to the degeneration of upper front teeth"Journal of Agricultural Science、Cambridge. 134巻(予定). (2001)

Hongo, A. 和其他 2 人：“与上门牙退化相关的反刍动物觅食策略”，《剑桥农业科学杂志》第 134 卷（计划）。