Dose Reconstruction and radiation effects in Semipalatinsk

塞米巴拉金斯克核试验圣地位于哈萨克斯坦共和国。从1949年到1990年，前苏联在该试验场进行了大约467次原子弹试验。此后，不少记者纷纷报道称，有不少患者因实验受到辐射。我们小组在1994年对我们研究所进行重组后，开始研究它的辐射效应。辐射的特点与切尔诺贝利不同，例如，塞米巴拉金斯克的辐射剂量大，但放射性污染低。他们报告说，在多伦市，辐射水平为1Gy量级。我们得到了科学研究助学金的资助。(A)和(B)自1994年以来一直由教育、科学、体育和文化部提供。研究内容为：(1)土壤样品中钚、铯、铀的测定及人体出生和器官中钚、铯、铀的测定。(2)牙釉质标本和砖标本外照射剂量学研究。从这些研究中，我们可以证实生活在这一地区的人实际上是由于核试验而暴露在危险中的。从1999年开始对甲状腺进行检查，发现结节发生率较高。同时还检测了淋巴细胞染色体畸变率，发现微核率较高，相当于0.4Gy射线照射。染色体有受到高LET辐射照射的趋势。个人剂量是由辐射医学和生态研究所估计的。特别是从2000年开始，我们与广岛大学牙科学院的冈本专科医生一起检查口腔和牙齿的异常。我们发现口腔异常的发生率很高。我们的研究都表明这些地区的发病率很高，因此我们继续进行研究，以寻找异常的原因和机制。

Semipalatinsk nuclear test cite is located in the republic of Kazakhstan. In the test site, atomic bomb experiments were performed by the former Soviet Union about 467 times from 1949 to 1990. After this, many journalists have been reported that there are many patients due to radiation from the experiment. Our group began to study its radiation effects after the reorganization our institute, which was done in 1994. The characteristics of the radiation are different from Chernobyl for example radiation doses are large but contamination from radioactivity is low at Semipalatinsk. They reported that radiation level is an order of 1 Gy at Dolon. We have been funded by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research. (A) and (B) from The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture continuously from 1994. The contents of the research is that (1) the measurements of Plutonium, Cesium and Uranium in soil samples and in born and organs of people. (2) The dosimetry study of external doses by using tooth enamel samples and brick samples. From these study we could verify that the people living in this area actually exposed due to nuclear experiments. From 1 999 we begun to examine thyroid gland and found that high incidence of nodule. At the same time chromosome aberration in lymphocyte have been examined and also found high incidence of micronucleus, which correspond to the irradiation of 0.4 Gy. The chromosome aberrations have a tendency that they are irradiated with high LET radiation. The individual doses are estimated with the Institute of Radiation Medicine and Ecology. Especially we began to examine the abnormality of mouth and tooth with the specialist Dr. Okamoto of dental school, Hiroshima University from 2000. We found high incidence of mouth abnormality. All of our study indicates high incidence in these area, therefore we much proceed in our study to find causes and mechanism of the abnormalities.