Control of Failure Modes of Civil-Infrastructures Experiencing Large Soil Defomations Caused by Surface Fault Ruptures

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Aug 17, 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake in Turkey and Sept. 21, 1999 ChiChi Earthquake in Taiwan were a serious threat to mega cities. One of the most spectacular aspects of these earthquakes was the damage to structures inflicted directly by faulting, which poses difficult problems to us about minimizing the fault-related damage. Firstly a digital data archive of previous damage examples has been made as the essential basis for further advanced discussions. Secondly some tods have been newly developed for predicting possible extents of fault-induced soil deformations. They include Non-linear Spectral Stochastic Finite Element Method (NL-SSFEM) by Hori, M. et al., Applied Element Method (AEM) by Meguro, K. and Material Point Method (MPM) combined with Hypo-plastic Model by Konagai, K. NL-SSFEM allows a probabilistic estimation of both the fault formation and the possible configuration. It is found from AEM simulations that the peak response exactly above a surface rupture is not likely the largest among those off the rupture plane. Material Point Method (MPM), by virtue of its scheme formulated in an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian description of motion, allows the problem of mesh distortions to be eliminated, and thus large deformation of soils is easily described. MPM is further extended for 3D analyzes, and lastiy in this chapter, behavior of a pile group subjected to soil deformation caused by faulting at its bedrock is numerically studied using the 3D MPM.