An Examination of Tsung-mi's Teaching with reference to the Historical Interaction of the Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism during the T'ang Dynasty

从唐代佛、儒、道三教历史互动考察宗密教义

• 批准号: 12610014
• 负责人: NAKANISHI Keiko
• 金额: $ 0.51万
• 依托单位: NIIGATA UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 2000
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2000 至 2002
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-12610014/
• 关键词: Tsung-mi; the Treatise on the Origin of Man; the Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment; One Mind; One Ch'I; the Relationship of Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism during the T'ang Dynasty; 「原人論」; 『起信論』; 法琳; 五戒と五常; 太極

This paper analyses the writings of Tsung-mi (principally his Great Commentary on the Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment, his Explanation of the Great Commentary on the Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment, and his Treatise on the Origin of Man), for the purpose of clarifying his theories on the unity of the Three Religions (Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism).A summary of the results of this analysis is as follows : Tsung-mi advances a theory of the unity of these three teachings structured fundamentally around Buddhism, and assimilates the Taoist/Confucianist principle of the "One Ch'I" to the Buddhist core teaching of the "One Mind," by including the former in the latter. For this purpose, he first takes up the Taoist/Confucianist theory of the Origination of All Things (The Great Way of Complete Emptiness, Heaven and Earth, Nature and the Original Ch'i) gives it a basis in the Buddhist theory of Arising By Causes and Conditions, thereby betraying an incomplete grasp of the Buddhist concepts o … More f the Emptiness of All Dharmas and of Karmic Results, as well as falling into various self-contradictions. Furthermore, he limits the meaning of "Ch'I" to a simply physical substance, and builds the (Taoist/Confucianist) process of the "apparition of Form/Objects and Heaven-and-Earth out of the One Ch'I" into the (Buddhist)process of the Devolution of the One Mind through the Three Divisions and Six Dusts. Of course, it is possible to find many contradictions inherent in the theories presented above. However, Tsung-mi inherited the Chinese philosophical tradition of the Imperishability of the spirit, which already had a history dating back to the Six Dynasties Period. He attempted to reformulate this tradition based on the One Mind position, and clarify the relationship between Consciousness (spirit) and Form (body), as well as explain the process of development undergone by Consciousness as it progresses from confusion to its Absolute Spiritual Nature (One Mind). Taking up the theory of the Imperishability of the spirit and changing its terms "spirit" and "body" into "One Mind" and "One Ch'I," Tsung-mi thereby offered a new framework for later developments which were to occur in the "Three Religions" theory. Less

本文主要对宗密的著作(主要是他的《大释》、《释经》和《人的起源论》)进行分析，以厘清他的佛、儒、道三教合一理论。分析的结果概括如下：宗密提出了一种从根本上以佛教为核心的三教合一的理论，并将道家/儒家的“一气”原则吸收到佛教的“一心”教义中。为此，他首先提出了道家/儒家的万物起源理论(全空大法、天地、自然和原始气)，为其提供了佛教因缘产生理论的基础，从而暴露了对佛教概念o…的不完全把握更多的是一切法的空虚和业力的结果，以及陷入各种自我矛盾。此外，他还将“气”的意义局限于一种简单的物质实体，并将“形/物、天地于一气”的(道家/儒家)过程，构建为(佛教)三分六尘的同心下放过程。当然，在上述理论中也有可能发现许多内在矛盾。然而，宗密继承了中国精神不朽的哲学传统，这一传统已经有了追溯到六朝时期的历史。他试图以一心一意的立场重新表述这一传统，厘清意识(精神)与形式(身体)的关系，并解释意识从困惑到其绝对精神本质(一心)的发展过程。宗密提出神仙说，将“神”、“身”改为“心”、“气”，为后来“三教”学说的发展提供了一个新的框架。较少

项目成果

NAKANISHl KEIKO (HISAMI): "Fa-lin's "Three Religions" Conception the Relationship of Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism"JOURNAL of HISTORY OF CHINESE THOUGHT. 77-108 (2001)

中西惠子（久见）：《法林“三教”观与佛、儒、道的关系》，《中国思想史》杂志。

中西啓子(久味): "法琳雑記"比較宗教思想研究. 2輯. 1-17 (2002)

Keiko Nakanishi (Kumi)：“Horin Misaki”比较宗教思想研究卷 2. 1-17 (2002)。

NAKANISHI KEIKO (HISAMI): "A Study of "Ming-bao-ji""Metamorphoses of Myths and Legends (A Report of the Researches Funded by the Grant for the Promotion of Niigata University Research Projects 2001/2002). 37-58 (2002)

NAKANISHI KEIKO (HISAMI)：“《明宝记》神话传说变形研究”（2001/2002 年新泻大学研究项目促进基金资助的研究报告）。

NAKANISHI KEIKO (HISAMI): "Ho-Lin Zakki"Hikaku Syukyoshiso Kenkyu. Vol.2. 1-17 (2002)

中西惠子（HISAMI）：“Ho-Lin Zakki”Hikaku Syukyoshiso Kenkyu。

中西啓子(久味): "『冥報記』をめぐって-唐代冥界観序説-"神話・伝説の成立とその展開の比較研究(平成13年度新潟大学基礎的研究プロジェクト報告書). 37-58 (2002)

中西惠子（来未）：《关于《明凤纪》——唐代冥界观介绍——》神话传说的形成和发展的比较研究（2001财年新泻大学基础研究项目报告）37-58（）。 2002）