近代科学の成立と自然神学との関連をめぐって-ニュートン主義から理神論,進化論へ-

本研究的结果可以总结如下：1。牛顿自然神学的目的是在现代英国自然神论和自由思想者等各种思潮交汇的情况下论证基督教的合理性。在对基督教合理性的认识上，牛顿主义和自然神论有许多一致之处，因此两者的关系十分复杂。为了确定两者的关系，在本研究中，我对牛顿的亲密朋友约翰·洛克和被称为自然神论者的约翰·托兰进行了详细的比较。自然神学（特别是上帝的天意论）在18世纪受到休谟的哲学批判，最终在19世纪遭到达尔文主义的彻底驳斥。然而，基督教思想对达尔文主义的反应是多种多样的，从基督教达尔文主义到神创论。回顾19世纪的讨论，我们不得不说，达尔文主义与神创论的对立在整体思想上缺乏足够的深化。为了分析宗教与科学的关系问题，我对神学中的科学理论或生态神学（保罗·蒂利希）等主题进行了详细的考察。笔者认为，建立积极的宗教与科学关系，重要的是促进基督教思想与科学或基督教与其他宗教之间的对话。自然神学将能够在今天的思想情境中成为这种对话的理论基础。

The result of this research can be summarized as follows.1. The newtonian natural theology aimed to argue the rationality of Christianity in the situation of modern United Kingdom where the various tides of thoughts such as the deism and the freethinker intersected. There were many points of agreement between the Newtonianism and Deism concerning the understanding of the rationality of christianity and, therefore the relation of both is very complicated. To define the relation of both, in this research, I did detailed comparison between John Locke who was the intimate friend of Newton and John Toland who was known as a deist.2. The natural theology (especially the argument of God from providential design) was philosophically criticized by Hume in the 18th century but finally, it received thorough refutation by the Darwinism in the 19th century. However, the responses of the Christian thought to the Darwinism are various and many: from the Christian Darwinism to the Creationism. When looking back to the discussions in the 19th century, it cannot help saying that the opposition between the Darwinism and the Creationism lacked in deepening enough the thoughts as a whole.3. To analyze the problems of the relationship between religion and science, I investigated in detail the theme such as the theory of science in theology or the ecological theology (Paul Tillich). I reached to the conclusion that it is important to promote a dialogue between the Christian thought and science or between christianity and the other religions in establishing the active relationship between religion and science. The natural theology will be able to become a theoretical foundation for such a dialogue in the situation of thoughts today.