Epistemology of Rechard Rufus, Rodger Bacon and Nicole Oresme that used species and perspective for it

Jan货车Eyck（ca. 1390年至1441年）被称为尼德兰画派的创始人，被认为是绘画空气和光线的创新者，具有无限层次的明亮色彩。著名的艺术史学家埃尔温·帕诺夫斯基坚持认为，这种创新起源于13世纪的世纪意大利，而不是在巴黎，也不是在荷兰。然而，13世纪的意大利并没有产生任何空气和光线的表达。埃尔温·帕诺夫斯基还坚持认为，亮度层次的表达是由线性透视产生的。本文试图从中世纪自然哲学，特别是奥雷斯姆（Nicole Oresme）的自然哲学的角度来解释这一创新。他是法国国王查理五世（1337-1380）的顾问，查理六世的父亲，货车艾克曾为他服务。根据奥雷斯姆的观点，物体的颜色作用于周围的介质， ...更多信息 介质以这样的方式作用于眼睛，即通过形成金字塔将物体的形状传递到眼睛，该金字塔的底部是物体，顶部是眼睛。这个形象就像一面镜子。它的形状与物体相同，但尺寸很小。我们通过图像的颜色强度来判断物体是否粗糙。他很自然地画出有层次的颜色。此外，根据奥雷斯姆和中世纪自然哲学家的说法，地球位于宇宙的中心，被水、空气、火和以太构成的天堂所包围。地球周围的空间并不是空的，而是充满了空气。空气被认为是四大元素之一，其较厚的部分被称为云。奥雷斯姆和其他中世纪自然哲学家画空气是很自然的。此外，空气有一定的厚度和反射光。这就是为什么一条光线使整个黑暗的房间明亮，但有层次的原因。这是自然的货车艾克提请光与亮度的层次。此外，奥雷斯姆据说鼓励画家说明书籍，使书籍更有价值。绘画空气和光线的创新与无限的亮度层次似乎有一些与他参与促进插图书籍。少

Jan van Eyck (ca. 1390-1441) is known as the founder of the Nether land School of Painting and is regarded as the innovator of painting air and light with unlimited gradations of bright colors. A famous art historian, Erwin Panofsky, insists that this innovation originated in 13th century Italy, and not in Paris, nor in the Netherlands. However, 13th century Italy did not produce any expression of air and light. Erwin Panofsky also insists that the expression of the gradations of brightness was produced by linear perspective. But linear perspective seems not able to produce the gradations of brightness, though it represents a three-dimensional vision on a plane.This paper tries to explain this innovation in terms of Medieval natural philosophy, particularly the philosophy of Nicole Oresme (ca. 1320-1382) who was consultant to the French King, Charles V (1337-1380), father of Charles VI whom van Eyck served.According to Oresme, the color of an object acts on the surrounding medium and t … More he medium acts on an eye in the way that the shape of the object is transmitted to the eye by forming a pyramid whose base is the object and the top is the eye. The image is like that of a mirror. It has the same shape as the object but is small in size. We judge that the object has roughness by the strength of the colors of that image. It was natural for him to draw colors with gradations. Furthermore, according to Oresme and Medieval natural philosophers, the earth was situated in the center of the Universe and was surrounded by water, air, fire, and heavens made of ether. Space surrounding the earth was not vacant but was filled with air. Air was regarded as one of the four elements and its thicker part was referred to as clouds. It was natural for Oresme and other Medieval natural philosophers to draw air.Besides, air has some thickness and reflects light. That is the reason why one line of light makes a whole dark room bright, but with gradations. It was natural for van Eyck to draw light with gradations of brightness.In addition, Oresme is said to have encouraged painters to illustrate books which made the books more valuable. The innovation of painting air and light with unlimited gradations of brightness seemed to have something to do with his involvement with the promotion of illustrating books. Less