Comparative Historical Study on the Relation of the Modern Cities to the State

这个联合研究项目的目的是澄清现代城市的历史特征，它实践了各种政策作为解决各种城市问题的措施。我们关注现代城市与国家的关系，并将日本的案例与德国的案例进行比较。主要研究结果如下：1。日本城市的地方公共行政的原则沿袭了德国的道路，从名誉制转变为带薪专家制。但是，权力下放运动受到挫折，这一原则必须适应日本的社会经济条件。德国的市议会和市长制也影响了日本的市议会和市长制。虽然有大阪市市长关元这样杰出的人物，但与德国相比，日本的地方权力依赖于州和县。德国的贫困救济制度（Elberfelder制度）是1918年大阪府设立的“区委员会制度”的典范。但荣誉制度的内涵、委员的活动、委员的经费都与荣誉制度有所不同。4. 两个国家的城市系统也可能存在差异。从港口规划的角度来看，城市初始条件的差异严重影响了大城市之间的关系。东京与横滨的关系与大阪与神户的关系是不一样的。5. 与德国相比，战前日本的住房状况没有得到详细的分析。对1930年前后东京市情的分析表明，地租和从事商业的人口比例决定了房屋租金和出租房屋的大小。

The purpose of this joint research project is to clarify the historical character of the modern cities, which practiced the various policies as the measures for the solution of the various urban problems. We pay attention to the relation of the modern cities to the state, and compare the case of Japan to that of Germany. The main results are as follows : 1. the principle of local public administrations in Japanese city followed German path, and had been shifted from the honorary system to the salaried expert system. But the decentralization movement had been frustrated, and the principle had to adjust to the socio-economic conditions in Japan. 2. The German city council and mayor system also influenced the Japanese system. Though there was such an excellent figure as Hajime Seki, the mayor of Osaka, the Japanese local authority depended on the state and prefectures in comparison to Germany. 3. The German poor relief system (the Elberfelder System) was the model of the Homen-Iin-Seido (district committee system), which was established by the Osaka prefecture in 1918. But implication of the honorary system, activities of commissioners and funds of the latter are different from the former. 4. There can be also a difference in the urban system between two countries. From the viewpoint of port planning, the difference of initial conditions of cities had influenced the relationships between the large cities seriously. The relations of Tokyo to Yokohama and that of Osaka to Kobe was not the same. 5. The housing conditions in prewar Japan have not been analyzed detailed in comparison to Germany. The analysis of the conditions in Tokyo about 1930 indicates that the land rent and the ratio of the population engaged in commerce determined the house rent and the size of a rented house.