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Comparative Historical Study on the Relation of the Modern Cities to the State

现代城市与国家关系的比较历史研究

基本信息

批准号：
12630080
负责人：
BABA Satoshi
金额：
$ 2.11万
依托单位：
The University of Tokyo
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2000
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2000 至 2001
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-12630080/
关键词：
Mayor Salaried Expert System Honorary System Poor Relief System Urban System Housing Conditions Local Public Finance 人工急増地域企業城下町都市と国家都市化都市政策日独比較史

项目摘要

The purpose of this joint research project is to clarify the historical character of the modern cities, which practiced the various policies as the measures for the solution of the various urban problems. We pay attention to the relation of the modern cities to the state, and compare the case of Japan to that of Germany. The main results are as follows : 1. the principle of local public administrations in Japanese city followed German path, and had been shifted from the honorary system to the salaried expert system. But the decentralization movement had been frustrated, and the principle had to adjust to the socio-economic conditions in Japan. 2. The German city council and mayor system also influenced the Japanese system. Though there was such an excellent figure as Hajime Seki, the mayor of Osaka, the Japanese local authority depended on the state and prefectures in comparison to Germany. 3. The German poor relief system (the Elberfelder System) was the model of the Homen-Iin-Seido (district committee system), which was established by the Osaka prefecture in 1918. But implication of the honorary system, activities of commissioners and funds of the latter are different from the former. 4. There can be also a difference in the urban system between two countries. From the viewpoint of port planning, the difference of initial conditions of cities had influenced the relationships between the large cities seriously. The relations of Tokyo to Yokohama and that of Osaka to Kobe was not the same. 5. The housing conditions in prewar Japan have not been analyzed detailed in comparison to Germany. The analysis of the conditions in Tokyo about 1930 indicates that the land rent and the ratio of the population engaged in commerce determined the house rent and the size of a rented house.

这一合作研究项目的目的是澄清现代城市的历史特征，这些城市实施了各种政策，作为解决各种城市问题的措施。我们注意到现代城市与国家的关系，并将日本与德国的情况进行了比较。主要研究结果如下：1.日本城市地方公共行政的原则沿袭了德国的道路，由名誉制转向了受薪专家制。但是，分权运动遭到了挫折，这一原则不得不适应日本的社会经济条件。2.德国的城市理事会和市长制度也影响了日本的制度。虽然有大坂市长关一这样的优秀人物，但与德国相比，日本的地方政府依赖于州和县。3.德国的济贫制度（埃尔伯费尔德制度）是大坂府于1918年建立的Homen-Iin-Seido（地区委员会制度）的典范。但其名誉制度的内涵、委员活动及经费等方面与前者有所不同。4.两个国家之间的城市体系也可能存在差异。从港口规划的角度来看，城市初始条件的差异严重影响了大城市之间的关系。东京与横滨的关系和大坂与科比的关系是不一样的。5.战前日本的住房条件没有与德国进行详细的比较分析。对1930年前后东京的情况分析表明，地租和从事商业的人口比例决定了房租和出租房屋的大小。