COMPARATIVE STUDY ON TOWN PLANNING AND URBAN ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND GERMANY IN THE LATE NINETEENTH AND EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURIES

1.世纪之交的德国在社会保险、教育制度和城市规划等各个方面对英国产生了很大的影响。与此同时，英国还向包括德国在内的其他国家输出了花园城市的概念。事实上，这是一个国际城市规划交流活跃的时期。本研究着重探讨曼彻斯特的霍斯福尔（T.C.Horsfall）和伯明翰的内特尔福尔德（J.S.Nettlefold）对德国城市体系和政策的看法，并试图与阿迪克斯领导下的美因河畔法兰克福的城市政策及其城市规划理论进行比较.研究结论如下：（1）阿迪克斯、霍斯福尔和内特尔福尔德关于城镇体系和城镇规划的思想和观点有许多共同之处。这两位英国改革家被认为不是受到德国城市体系的启发，而是仅仅因为他在德国城市体系中发现了一些理想的元素而提出引入德国城市体系。(2)然而，在真实的德国城市体系和英国人的观念之间有很大的距离。霍斯福尔提议在英国城市政府中引入受薪市长和议员。但法兰克福城市政策和管理的进步性和效率也受到自由主义或社会民主主义议员的活动和思想的影响，沿着Adickes的积极活动。它们是竞争性的，而不是单一的。由于这些原因，英国对德国城市体系和政策的看法是相当有选择性的。但它对当时英国的城市规划运动产生了一定的影响。

1. At the turn of the 20th century Germany had much influences on Britain in the various areas (social insurance, the education system and town planning). At the same time, Britain had also exported the concept of Garden City to other countries including Germany. Indeed, this was a period in which international exchange on town planning became vigorous. The research focuses on the perception of T.C.Horsfall (Manchester) and J.S.Nettlefold (Birmingham) on the German urban system and policy, and tries to compare with the urban policy in Frankfurt on the Main under F.Adickes and his theory on town planning.2. The conclusions are as follows : (1) the ideas and thoughts of Adickes, Horsfall and Nettlefold on urban system and town planning had a lot in common. The two English reformers were supposed not to be inspired by German urban system, but rather to propose its introduction simply because he found some ideal elements in the German system. (2) there was however a great distance between the real German urban system and the English perception. Horsfall proposed the introduction of a salaried mayor and councillors into British urban government. But the progressiveness and efficiency of urban policy and administration in Frankfurt were influenced also by the activities and thoughts of liberal or social democratic councillors along with Adickes' energetic activities. They were competitive rather than monolithic. For these reasons, the British perception of German urban system and policy was quite selective. Nevertheless it had actually influences on the town planning movement in Britain at that period.