Comprehensive research on the ego-structure of delinquents

(1)面部表情的认知本实验旨在从人知觉的角度探讨罪犯的自我结构。在展示了各种面部表情的图片后，学生和青少年被要求判断每张图片中所代表的情绪类型。研究发现，与其他青少年相比，认知错误较多的青少年不仅具有较低的智商和不宽容的人格特征，而且还存在严重的心理或人际问题，如与家庭成员缺乏依恋和稳定的互动，或在学校受到欺负和孤立。结果表明，这些因素与错误的人知觉呈正相关。(2)自我功能的社会层面分析了犯罪分子和高中生的行为特征与心理特征的关系。行为特征包括对越轨行为的体验，对滋扰行为的体验，以及对更亲社会行为的体验。心理特征包括认知共情、情感共情、暴力正当化和对人际关系的尊重。主要研究结果如下：1)在越轨行为经历方面，逃避现状而产生的亲暴力倾向加速了少年的越轨行为；在男生群体中，认知共情抑制了他们的越轨行为。2)对他人造成困扰的青少年和学生，由于对成年人的不信任或对现状的绝望，表现出高度合理化暴力和赞成暴力手段的倾向。3)青少年似乎很难将他们的同理心和同情心延伸到同龄人和普通大众身上。从自述来看，他们亲社会行为的发生频率高于学生，但与学生相比，他们的认知共情并没有导致亲社会行为的发生。从虚无主义思想中产生的对力量的肯定，扰乱了他们的亲社会行为。(3)面孔表情认知社会层面与自我功能关系的整合研究。对虚无主义思想主导下的暴力行为的肯定态度越强，其面孔表情认知差异越大。此外，青少年青少年对成人的不信任导致的暴力倾向与面部表情的偏差反应以及他们的狭隘性有关。这些事实表明，他们的观点本身就有偏差。面部表情的认知与共情之间没有明确的关系，而情绪共情极高的人对面部表情的认知存在较大差异。少

(1) Cognition of facial expressionThe purpose of this experiment is to explore the ego-structure of delinquents from the viewpoint of person perception. After the pictures of various facial expressions were shown, delinquents and students were required to judge the types of emotions represented in each picture. The main finding was that delinquents who had more incorrect cognition than other delinquents not only had lower I.Q. and intolerant personality traits, but also serious psychological or interpersonal problems in their background such as lack of attachment and stable interactions with family members, or being bullied and isolated at school. Results suggest that these factors are positively related to incorrect person perception.(2) Social aspects of the ego-functionWe analyzed the relationship between behavior and psychological traits among delinquents and high school students. Behavioral traits consist of experience of deviant behavior, experience of nuisance, and experience of … More prosocial behavior. Psychological traits consist of cognitive empathy, emotional empathy, justification of violence, and respect for interpersonal relationship. The major findings were as follows, 1) Concerning deviant behavior experience, pro-violence tendency caused by resignation of existing situation accelerates deviant behavior among delinquent boys. In case of schoolboys group, cognitive empathy inhibits their deviant behavior. 2) Those who have committed annoyance to others, in both delinquents and students, show high propensity to rationalize violence and favor violent means because of their distrust of the adults or despair of current status. 3) The delinquents seem to be difficult to extend their empathy and compassion to peers toward the general public. They have experienced pro-social behavior more frequently than students according to their self-report, however their cognitive empathy does not evolve their prosocial behavior, in contrast to the case of students. The affirmation of force derived from nihilistic thinking disturbs their pro- social behavior.(3) Integrative study on the relationship between social aspect of cognition of facial expressions and ego-functionThe stronger affirmative attitude for violence led by nihilistic thought, the more enlarged disparity appeared in the cognition of facial expression in the delinquents. Furthermore, the results of delinquent girls indicate that pro-violent tendency led by distrust toward adults relate with deviate response of facial expressions, as well as their narrow-mindedness. Those facts suggest that their perspective itself deviates. There is no clear relationship between cognition of facial expression and empathy, however those who show extreme high emotional empathy display great discrepancy in cognition offacial expressions. Less