Comprehensive research on water, energy, and material cycle by synchronizing satellite, intensified, and continuous observations -The Lake Biwa Project 3rd stage

琵琶湖项目成员和通量研究小组的其他青年科学家在收获的稻田上开展了密集的湍流通量区域分布野外活动(CAPS2003)。30名参与者来自11所大学和研究所。这次观测由永久性能量平衡测站、1个多普勒激光雷达(风和气溶胶的三维分布)、2个多普勒声纳(风的垂直分布)、1个闪烁仪(路径平均感热通量)、GPS探空仪(垂直温度、湿度和风廓线)、4个超通量站点(感热通量和潜热通量、辐射收支)、4个卫星站点(感热通量)、3个通量廓线站点(感热通量垂直廓线)、24个热电偶(大气温度波动)组成。此外，为了估计能量平衡分量的分布，将辐射计和温度计安装在同一位置进行校准。本次CAPS2003的主要特点是目标面积(200m×100m)比CAPS2002(1200m×500m)要小得多。传感器的排列呈“十字形”，中心区传感器的所有数据均由一台64通道记录仪记录。这种完美的同步旨在跟踪湍流的详细结构。CAPS2002和CAPS2003的所有处理(质检)资料都被收录在数据库中，并在网站上公开。在数值模拟方面，非静力气象模式ARPS和高级陆面方案SiBUC耦合。采用天气尺度到局地尺度的网格嵌套系统，模拟了详细的局地风场，并详细分析了陆面过程对局地环流的影响。同时，通过改进的陆面模式SiBUC的离线模拟，重建了琵琶湖流域能量和水平衡各组成部分的分布数据集。

The intensive field campaign of the areal distribution of turbulent fluxes (CAPS2003) was implemented on the harvested paddy field by the members of the Lake Biwa Project and other young scientists from the flux research group. The 30 participants came from 11 universities and institute. The observation was organized by permanent energy balance measurement station, one Doppler lidar (3-dimensional distribution of wind and aerozol), two Doppler sodars (vertical profile of wind), one scintillation meter (path average sensible heat flux), GPS sonde (vertical profile of temperature, humidity, and wind), 4 super flux sites (sensible and latent heat fluxes, radiation budget), 4 sat sites (sensible heat flux), 3 flux profile sites (vertical profile of sensible heat flux), 24 thermocouples (fluctuation of air temperature). Furthermore, to estimate the distribution of energy balance components, radiometer and thermometers were installed at the same place for calibration. The main characteristics of this CAPS2003 is that the target area (200m x 100m) is much smaller than that of CAPS2002 (1200m x 500m). The arrangement of the sensors was "cross-shape", and all data from sensors in the central zone were recorded by one 64ch logger. This perfect synchronizing aims to the tracking of the detailed structure of the turbulent flow. All the processed (quality checked) data from CAPS2002 and CAPS2003 were included in the database and opened on the Web site.As for the numerical modeling, the non-hydrostatic meteorological model ARPS and the advanced land surface scheme SiBUC were coupled. By the grid-nesting system from the synoptic scale to the local scale, the detailed local wind field was simulated and the effects of the land surface processes on the local circulation were analyzed in detail. Also, the dataset of the distribution of the energy and water budget components in the Lake Biwa Basin was re-constructed by the off-line simulation of the improved land surface model SiBUC.