The Philosophy of Value and the Limits of Realism : An Inquiry into Practical Truth

道德现实主义者会说，道德推理是一种实践推理，它要求扁平理性，并以深思熟虑的真理为目标。他可能会补充说，这种实践推理，道德推理，并不排斥某些类型的理论推理；这种扁平化的理性意味着每一个理性的人都会声称自己拥有的那种基本的理性。他可能是一个苏格拉底式的外行式的理性主义者，也是一个非认知主义者。威金斯试图限制对协商真理趋同的要求；他总是强调我们对所面临的情况的性格反应的认知方面。他似乎是在假设，每个人的认知能力一方面可以根据她的教养、经历、修养，另一方面根据他的关注点、兴趣、职业等等，在不同程度上得到不同的实现。b .威廉姆斯否认我们可以通过深思熟虑的反思获得道德事务的知识；但他并不否认反思性论证在我们决定行动方针时可以发挥有意义的作用。他甚至可能不会否认，对于现代化的理性人来说，反思性辩论是在对立的各方之间达成决定性决定的唯一理性有效途径。他否认我们获得道德知识。现在你可以想象另一种现实主义者。保罗·格赖斯想象中的坎特托尔是一个非常老练的形而上学家，绝不是一个门外汉，与他相比，在最后的例子中，我想判断我们的苏格拉底门外汉的立场。Kantotle无疑是现代道德现实主义的一个可能的工作模式。

A moral realist would say moral reasoning is a kind of practical reasoning which requires flat rationality and aims at deliberative truth. He might add that this kind of practical reasoning, moral reasoning, does not exclude some types of theoretical reasoning ; and that flat rationality means the basic kind of rationality which every rational person would claim to have. He may be a Socratic layman type of rationalist and also a non-cognitivist.D.Wiggins has tried to limit the demand for convergence on deliberative truth ; and he always emphasizes the cognitive aspects of our dispositional responses to the situations we are confronted with. He seems to be assuming that each individual's cognitive abilities can be differently realized, in different degrees, according to her upbringing, experiences, cultivation, on the one hand, and his concerns, interests, occupations, and so on, on the other.B.Williams denies we can acquire knowledge of moral affairs through deliberative reflection ; but he does not deny reflective argument can play a meaningful role in our making decision of the course of action. He may not deny even that reflective argument would be a sole rationally effective way to reach conclusive decision among antagonistic parties for modernized rational people. He does deny our acquisition of moral knowledge.Now you can imagine a realist of another kind. Paul Grice's fanciful Kantotle is a remarkably sophisticated metaphysician, not in the least a layman, by comparison with whom, in the last instance, I'd like to judge the position of our Socratic layman. Kantotle is surely a possible working model for a modern moral realist.