A study of External Activation Slips by Repeated Naturalistic Observation

外部激活（数据驱动）滑动是Norman（1981）分类的动作滑动之一。这是一个研究项目，目的是确定驾驶汽车时外部激活滑动的操作定义，并开发识别滑动的观察方法。针对（1）在频繁左转的交叉路口停车时的错误偏离行为、（2）左转时的信号行为、（3）黄昏时与对向车道上的其他人一致的开灯行为、（4）遇到无视红灯的违章骑车人时的速度控制行为进行了4项观察研究。在现场很难确定司机的意图。相反，错误被确定在两种方式使用重复的自然观察。一个是司机的行动是否充分或不充分。另一个是行为是否偏离了驾驶员的行为习惯。刺激和反应的相容性对于外部激活滑移的定义至关重要。为了评估刺激是否有效，有必要发展确定图式状态及其激活水平的方法。自然观察法在区分外部激活失误和描述错误方面有一定的局限性，但也是一种有贡献的方法。

External activation (data driven) slip is the one of the action slips which Norman (1981) categorized. The purpose of this was research project to determine the operational definition of external activation slips while driving automobiles and to develop the observational method to identify the slips. Four observational studies were conducted about (1) faulty departures when stopping at the intersection where the drivers turned left frequently, (2) signaling behavior when turning left, (3) switch-on-light behavior at dusk conforming to others in the opposite lanes, and (4) drivers' speed control when meeting the illegal cyclists who neglect the red signal.Although action slip is defined referring to the intentions, it was difficult to identify the intention of drivers on the spot. Instead, errors were identified in two ways using the repeated naturalistic observation. One is whether the action of drivers was adequate or inadequate. The other is whether the action was deviant from the driver's behavioral habits. The compatibility of the stimulus and the response is essential for the definition of external activation slip. In order to evaluate whether the stimulus was effective, it is necessary to develop the methods to determine the state of schemas and the level of their activation. Naturalistic observation is a contributing method though has a limit to distinguish external activation slip from description errors.