Study on Modernization in Ottoman

本研究利用保存在伊斯坦布尔等地的奥斯曼帝国档案中的各种原始资料，探讨奥斯曼帝国的现代化运动。在奥斯曼帝国，现代化运动在某种意义上是西化的尝试。他们开始接近16世纪末，当奥斯曼苏丹塞利姆三世，谁继承王位在1789年，发动了第一次改革运动在奥斯曼帝国，命名为尼扎姆-我Cedit。然而，随后的改革运动几乎没有成功，被诸如禁卫军这样的抗议力量所阻止。土耳其禁卫军被废除后，1839年的坦齐马特改革开始了严重的西化运动，大约在这个时候，西方列强开始对奥斯曼帝国进行殖民统治;因此，奥斯曼改革运动难以继续下去。其次，在19世纪60年代，当青年奥斯曼人试图建立一个宪政政府时，苏丹穆拉德五世在1876年由米塔特帕夏和大韦齐尔为此目的准备的政变后登基，只在位90天。（1876-1909）建立了宪政体制，但该体制仅持续了2年（1876年12月至1878年2月）。虽然人们普遍认为阿卜杜勒二世是一个奉行泛伊斯兰主义的专制统治者，但他的政治思想实际上是建立在现代化和西化的基础上的，如根据他反对英国殖民主义的政策而修建的希贾兹铁路。本研究表明，苏丹阿卜杜勒哈米德二世不是一个泛伊斯兰主义者，而是一个奉行现代化和西化政策的统治者

This study explores the modernization movements in the Ottoman Empire, using various source materials preserved in the Ottoman archives in Istanbul and other places.In the Ottoman Empire, modernization movements were in one sense attempts at westernization. They began towards the end of the 16 century, when the Ottoman sultan Selim III, who succeed to the throne in 1789, launched the first reform movements in the Ottoman Empire, named Nizam-i Cedit. The subsequent reform movements, however, were almost unsuccessful, blocked by such protesting forces as the Janissary. After the abolition of the Janissary, serious westernization movements began with the Tanzimat Reform in 1839, about the time when the Western Powers began to colonize the Ottoman Empire ; therefore, the Ottoman reform movements were difficult to continue. Next, during the 1860s, when the Young Ottomans attempted to establish a constitutional government, the sultan Murad V, enthroned in 1876 following the coup d'etat prepared for this purpose by Mithat Pasha and the Grand Vezir, stayed on the throne for only 90 days.After this incident the succeeding sultan Abdulhamid II (1876-1909) established the constitutional regime, but the regime continued for only 2 years (December 1876 to February 1878). Though generally regarded as a despotic ruler following the idea of pan-Islamism, his political ideas were in fact based on modernization and westernization, as in the case of the Hidjaz Railway constructed according to his policy against British colonization endeavors.This study shows that the sultan Abdulhamid II was not a pan-Islamist, but was a ruler pursuing his policies toward modernization and westernization