Study on Modernization in Ottoman

本研究利用伊斯坦布尔等地奥斯曼帝国档案中保存的各种原始材料，探讨奥斯曼帝国的现代化运动。在奥斯曼帝国，现代化运动在某种意义上是西化的尝试。他们开始于16世纪末，1789年继承王位的奥斯曼苏丹塞利姆三世在奥斯曼帝国发起了第一次改革运动，名为尼扎姆-I CEDIT。然而，随后的改革运动几乎没有成功，被像Janissary这样的抗议力量阻挠。1839年坦西马特改革开始后，西方列强开始殖民奥斯曼帝国；因此，奥斯曼帝国改革运动很难继续下去。接下来，在19世纪60年代，当年轻的奥斯曼帝国试图建立立宪政府时，苏丹穆拉德五世在米托·帕沙和大维齐尔为此准备的政变后于1876年登基，仅在位90天。在这一事件之后，继任的苏丹阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世(1876-1909)建立了立宪政权，但该政权只持续了两年(1876年12月至1878年2月)。虽然人们普遍认为阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世是遵循泛伊斯兰主义思想的专制统治者，但他的政治思想实际上是建立在现代化和西方化的基础上的，例如根据他反对英国殖民图谋的政策修建的希贾兹铁路。本文的研究表明，阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世不是泛伊斯兰主义者，而是一位奉行现代化和西方化政策的统治者

This study explores the modernization movements in the Ottoman Empire, using various source materials preserved in the Ottoman archives in Istanbul and other places.In the Ottoman Empire, modernization movements were in one sense attempts at westernization. They began towards the end of the 16 century, when the Ottoman sultan Selim III, who succeed to the throne in 1789, launched the first reform movements in the Ottoman Empire, named Nizam-i Cedit. The subsequent reform movements, however, were almost unsuccessful, blocked by such protesting forces as the Janissary. After the abolition of the Janissary, serious westernization movements began with the Tanzimat Reform in 1839, about the time when the Western Powers began to colonize the Ottoman Empire ; therefore, the Ottoman reform movements were difficult to continue. Next, during the 1860s, when the Young Ottomans attempted to establish a constitutional government, the sultan Murad V, enthroned in 1876 following the coup d'etat prepared for this purpose by Mithat Pasha and the Grand Vezir, stayed on the throne for only 90 days.After this incident the succeeding sultan Abdulhamid II (1876-1909) established the constitutional regime, but the regime continued for only 2 years (December 1876 to February 1878). Though generally regarded as a despotic ruler following the idea of pan-Islamism, his political ideas were in fact based on modernization and westernization, as in the case of the Hidjaz Railway constructed according to his policy against British colonization endeavors.This study shows that the sultan Abdulhamid II was not a pan-Islamist, but was a ruler pursuing his policies toward modernization and westernization