Japan's shrimp trawl fisheries in the Gulf of California and the trilateral relations between Japan, Mexico, and the United States in the 1930s

本研究探讨了20世纪30年代在加州湾、南加州和下加利福尼亚加州沿海渔业中日本移民的社会关系，重点是日本、墨西哥和美国之间的三边关系史。本研究通过对洛杉矶地区的实地调查和渔业领域的多边档案研究，论证了移民史研究者未曾研究过的四个方面：第一，日本移民在与欧洲各海域渔民竞争与合作的同时，将其技术引进或同步于日本最先进的渔业技术。他们还利用了美国罐头厂和日本投资者的大量资金。在南加州，他们与其他群体的社会关系是平等的。在墨西哥，渔业经纪人类型的移民也通过日本拖网渔船队和墨西哥政府之间的联络角色获得了更强的社会地位。作为一个结论， ...更多信息 第二，东道国对现代渔业技术的需求和意愿促进了日本移民的活动。第三，日本移民的活动主要集中在渔业技术上。日本在墨西哥利益的显著存在促使美国政府实施了一项政府-在日美关系恶化，特别是中日战争爆发后，通过公法63赞助技术援助计划。在1938年的石油征用和1940年5月法国的陷落之后，墨西哥政府不得不依靠美国的援助，而日本的利益由于亚洲的战争而不再能提供这种援助。日本渔船队的最终撤离削弱了日本移民的影响力，日本和美国之间爆发的战争消除了他们在边境两侧渔业中的社会地位。少

This research explores social relations of Japanese immigrants in fisheries in the Gulf of California and along the coast of southern California and Baja California in the 1930s with an emphasis on the history of trilateral relations between Japan, Mexico, and the United States. This research argues four-fold through field research in Los Angeles area and multilateral archival research in fisheries, which researchers in immigration history have not examined.First, while competing and cooperating with fishermen from various sea areas in Europe, Japanese immigrants introduced or synchronized their techniques to state-of-art fishery technologies in Japan. They also utilized large capital of American canneries and Japanese investors. Their social relations with other groups stood equal in southern California. In Mexico, broker-type immigrants in fisheries also gained stronger social positions through a role of liaison between Japanese trawler fleets and the Mexican government. As a consequ … More ence, they could identify themselves as equal or leading social positions vis-a-vis their counterparts.Second, the demands and willingness in host countries for modern fishery technologies facilitated activities of Japanese immigrants.Third, the conspicuous presence of the Japanese interests in Mexico prompted the U.S. government to implement a government-sponsored technical assistance program through Public Law 63 when relations between Japan and the United States were deteriorating, particularly, after the break of the Sino-Japanese war.Lastly, after the oil expropriation in 1938 and the fall of France in May 1940, the Mexican government had to rely on the United States for the assistance, which the Japanese interests no longer could provide because of the war in Asia. The ultimate withdrawal of the Japanese fishing fleets undermined leverage that the Japanese immigrants had, and the outbreak of war between Japan and the United States eliminated their social standing in fisheries in the both side of the boarder. Less