Functional anatomy of the adaptational strategy of locomotion and feeding systems in Ursidae phylogeny

熊科系统发育中运动和摄食系统适应策略的功能解剖学

• 批准号: 13640705
• 负责人: ENDO Hideki
• 金额: $ 2.18万
• 依托单位: National Science Museum, Tokyo
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2001 至 2002
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-13640705/
• 关键词: Ursidae; polar bear; giant panda; mastication muscles; temporary muscle; masseter muscle; forearm; gross anatomy; 側頭筋; ツキノワグマ

In this study, we examined the functional-morphological characters related to the tour-pedaled locomotion and the mastication in the Ursidae species.We ostelogically focused on the three adaptational strategies of arboreal, terrestrial and aquatic swimming species. The limbs were extended in arboreal and swimming species, whereas the terrestrial species possessed the short and robust limbs. These functional characters were consistent with the gross anatomical data of the muscular system. In the herbivorous species as Malayan bear and some other species the pronator-supinator function has been established in the complicated structure of the forearm. Especially the specific manipulation mechanism was controlled by the giant panda that required the locomotion system different from that in the original terrestrial species.The skull was rostro-caudally elongated in the carnivorous species and the cutting mechanism seemed highly-organized. In contrast the zygomatic arch was bilaterally enlarged in skull of the herbivorous species. The bundles of the masseter muscle were thick and the occlusion area of the molar teeth was enlarged to press and destroy crude plant foods in these species. The temporal muscle was well-developed in the carnivorous species, whereas the masseter muscle stronger in the carnivorous species in the data of CT and MRI scanning observations. The findings were also confirmed by the data of the dried-muscle weight.The morphological characters in the locomotion and mastication mechanisms were considered as results from the adaptation in various species within the monophyletic family, Ursidae. The family that contained only a few living species, will interest us as a target of the mammalian evolutionary biology in the future.

本研究从骨骼学角度探讨了熊科动物与游足运动和咀嚼运动相关的功能形态特征，重点研究了树栖、陆生和水生游泳动物的3种适应策略。树栖和游泳物种的四肢伸展，而陆生物种具有短而强壮的四肢。这些功能特征与肌肉系统的大体解剖数据相一致。在马来熊等草食性动物中，旋前-旋后肌功能已在前臂复杂的结构中建立。特别是大熊猫控制着特定的操作机制，需要与原始陆生物种不同的运动系统，肉食性物种的头骨是吻尾向延长的，切割机制似乎高度组织化。而草食性动物的颅弓两侧增大。咬肌肌束较粗，臼齿咬合面积扩大，可挤压和破坏天然植物性食物。在CT和MRI扫描观察数据中，肉食性动物颞肌发达，而咬肌较强。这一发现也得到了肌肉干重数据的证实。运动和咀嚼机制中的形态特征被认为是单系科熊科中不同物种适应的结果。这个仅包含少数现存物种的家族，将作为未来哺乳动物进化生物学研究的目标而引起我们的兴趣。

项目成果

Endo H.et al.: "Three-dimensional image analysis of a head of the giant panda by the cone-beam type CT"Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 64・12. 1133-1135 (2002)

Endo H.等人：“利用锥形束CT对大熊猫头部进行三维图像分析”《兽医医学杂志》64・12（2002）。

Endo H., Sasaki, M., et al.: "Musculoskeletal system of the neck of the polar bear and the Malayan bear"Annals of Anatomy. 183・1. 81-86 (2001)

Endo H.，Sasaki，M.，等：“北极熊和马来熊颈部的肌肉骨骼系统”解剖学年鉴 183・1（2001）。

Endo H., Sasaki, M., et al.: "Radial sesamoid bone as a part of the manipulation system in the lesser panda"Annals of Anatomy. 183・2. 181-184 (2001)

Endo H.，Sasaki，M.，等：“小熊猫操纵系统的径向籽骨”解剖学年鉴 183・2（2001）。

Endo H., Sasaki M.et al.: "Functional morphology of the forelimb muscles in an aardvark"Mammai Study. 27・2. 121-125 (2002)

Endo H.、Sasaki M.等人：“土豚前肢肌肉的功能形态”Mammai Study 27・2（2002）。

Sasaki, M., Endo, H.et al.: "The structure of the masseter muscle in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalls)"Anatomia, Histologia and Embryologia. 30. 313-319 (2001)

Sasaki, M., Endo, H.等人：“长颈鹿（Giraffacamelopardals）咬肌的结构”解剖学、组织学和胚胎学。