Functional anatomy of the adaptational strategy of locomotion and feeding systems in Ursidae phylogeny

熊科系统发育中运动和摄食系统适应策略的功能解剖学

• 批准号: 13640705
• 负责人: ENDO Hideki
• 金额: $ 2.18万
• 依托单位: National Science Museum, Tokyo
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2001 至 2002
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-13640705/
• 关键词: Ursidae; polar bear; giant panda; mastication muscles; temporary muscle; masseter muscle; forearm; gross anatomy; 側頭筋; ツキノワグマ

In this study, we examined the functional-morphological characters related to the tour-pedaled locomotion and the mastication in the Ursidae species.We ostelogically focused on the three adaptational strategies of arboreal, terrestrial and aquatic swimming species. The limbs were extended in arboreal and swimming species, whereas the terrestrial species possessed the short and robust limbs. These functional characters were consistent with the gross anatomical data of the muscular system. In the herbivorous species as Malayan bear and some other species the pronator-supinator function has been established in the complicated structure of the forearm. Especially the specific manipulation mechanism was controlled by the giant panda that required the locomotion system different from that in the original terrestrial species.The skull was rostro-caudally elongated in the carnivorous species and the cutting mechanism seemed highly-organized. In contrast the zygomatic arch was bilaterally enlarged in skull of the herbivorous species. The bundles of the masseter muscle were thick and the occlusion area of the molar teeth was enlarged to press and destroy crude plant foods in these species. The temporal muscle was well-developed in the carnivorous species, whereas the masseter muscle stronger in the carnivorous species in the data of CT and MRI scanning observations. The findings were also confirmed by the data of the dried-muscle weight.The morphological characters in the locomotion and mastication mechanisms were considered as results from the adaptation in various species within the monophyletic family, Ursidae. The family that contained only a few living species, will interest us as a target of the mammalian evolutionary biology in the future.

在这项研究中，我们研究了熊科动物在行走和咀嚼方面的功能形态学特征。我们在骨学上重点研究了树栖、陆栖和水生游泳物种的三种适应策略。树栖和游栖物种的四肢较长，而陆生物种的四肢较短而粗壮。这些功能特征与肌肉系统的大体解剖数据一致。在马来亚熊等食草动物和其他一些物种中，前臂复杂的结构中已经建立了旋前旋后肌功能。特别是具体的操作机制是由大熊猫控制的，这需要不同于原始陆生物种的运动系统。肉食性恐龙的头骨呈倒尾状拉长，切割机制似乎高度组织化。相比之下，食草动物的颧骨弓两侧增大。这些物种的咬肌束较粗，臼齿的咬合面积较大，以压制和破坏粗植物食物。CT和MRI扫描观察数据显示，食肉动物颞肌发育较好，而食肉动物咬肌发育较强。干肌肉重量的数据也证实了这一发现。在运动和咀嚼机制方面的形态学特征被认为是单系科中不同物种适应的结果。这个只包含少数现存物种的家族，将成为我们未来哺乳动物进化生物学研究的目标。

项目成果

Endo H.et al.: "Three-dimensional image analysis of a head of the giant panda by the cone-beam type CT"Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 64・12. 1133-1135 (2002)

Endo H.等人：“利用锥形束CT对大熊猫头部进行三维图像分析”《兽医医学杂志》64・12（2002）。

Endo H., Sasaki, M., et al.: "Musculoskeletal system of the neck of the polar bear and the Malayan bear"Annals of Anatomy. 183・1. 81-86 (2001)

Endo H.，Sasaki，M.，等：“北极熊和马来熊颈部的肌肉骨骼系统”解剖学年鉴 183・1（2001）。

Endo H., Sasaki, M., et al.: "Radial sesamoid bone as a part of the manipulation system in the lesser panda"Annals of Anatomy. 183・2. 181-184 (2001)

Endo H.，Sasaki，M.，等：“小熊猫操纵系统的径向籽骨”解剖学年鉴 183・2（2001）。

Endo H., Sasaki M.et al.: "Functional morphology of the forelimb muscles in an aardvark"Mammai Study. 27・2. 121-125 (2002)

Endo H.、Sasaki M.等人：“土豚前肢肌肉的功能形态”Mammai Study 27・2（2002）。

Sasaki, M., Endo, H.et al.: "The structure of the masseter muscle in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalls)"Anatomia, Histologia and Embryologia. 30. 313-319 (2001)

Sasaki, M., Endo, H.等人：“长颈鹿（Giraffacamelopardals）咬肌的结构”解剖学、组织学和胚胎学。